1、第五章 非谓语动词【非谓语动词作状语】一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语.二.不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成in order to do或so as to do结构.in order to do结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;so as to do结构只能放在句中.Her m
2、other plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so.as to;such.as to;.enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too.to等.Im not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.Jane hurried ba
3、ck only to find that her mother had left.Im too tired to stay up longer.备注:在only too.to结构中,too.to.并非是太.而不能.之意.此时,与too.to.搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等.Im only too glad to have passed the exam.3.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,di
4、sappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等.You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.4.在主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等.T
5、his question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.三.分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义v-ing(doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生having+v-ed(having done)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生v-ed(done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成being+v-ed(being done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生having been+v-ed(having been do
6、ne)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生2.分词作状语的句法功能分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与 while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用.When offered help,one often saysThank youor Its kind of you.(时间)Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other coun
7、try in the world.(原因) Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件)He glanced at her,nothing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)The teacher came into the lab,followed by some
8、students.(伴随)四.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有:generally speaking一般来说;frankly speaking坦白地说;judging from/by.根据.来判断;considering./taking.into consideration考虑到.;to tell you the truth说实话;compared to/with与.相比.Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.Considering your health,youd better
9、have a rest.To tell you the truth,I am a little tired. 五.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在 句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构.独立主格结构的特点:独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系.独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开. 独立主格结构的构成:名词/代词+分词 名词/代词+不定式 with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式 The test finished(=Wh
10、en the test was finished),we began our holiday. The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow. I stood before her with my heart beating fast.【练一练】Anxiously,she took
11、the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didnt fit.Clearly and thoughtfully (write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.Group activities will be organized after class (help)children develop team spirit. (spend)the past year as an exchange stu
12、dent in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.The lecture (give),a lively question-and-answer session followed.【非谓语动词作定语】一.不定式作定语 1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词.The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.He had no place to live. 2.用不定式作定语的几种情况: 不定式
13、表将来 The car to be bought is for his sister. 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系. He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,warnin
14、g,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等. I dont trust his promise to come for a visit. He said he had no plans to go there. He made an attempt to stand up. 二.分词作定语 1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词.当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用v-ing;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词
15、. The houses being built are for the teachers.(被动,正在进行) 2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing和过去分词.v-ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成. boiling water沸腾的水(表示正在进行) boiled water白开水(表完成) falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行) fallen leaves已经落下的叶子(表完成) developing countries发展中国家(表正在进行) developed countries发达国家(表完成)三.to be done,done和being done作定语的区别 to be done表被动,将来;done表被动,完成;being done表被动,正在进行
