1、樱桃红色素的提取及性质研究Extraction and characterization of cherry red pigment樱桃红色素的提取及性质研究（Extraction and characterization of cherry red pigment）But the influence of the main problems is the application of supercritical extraction equipment investment cost is high, but due to the low polarity of CO2 makes this
2、 method of polar substances (such as sepu) separation is not ideal.(four) ultrasonic extractionCurrently this method in extraction of Chinese herbal medicine in chemical composition is widely used, it is with cavitation, crushing, stirring and other special effects by ultrasonic, destruction of plan
3、t cells, the solvent penetration into the plant cells, so that in plants, dissolved in the solvent, through separation and purification, chemical the ingredients needed. Compared with the conventional extraction method, ultrasonic extraction has the advantages of simple experimental equipment, easy
4、operation, short extraction time, high yield and no heating.Stabilization technology of natural pigment1.3.3.1 add stabilizerStabilizers mainly slow down the fading speed of pigments in the process of processing and storage. For example, semi skin acid can improve the thermal and light resistance of
5、 Xiantao red pigment, and the combination of anthocyanins with specific phenolic compounds can obviously improve the photostability of anthocyanins.1.3.3.2 added antioxidantsThe main antioxidants studied are flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols and Vc, VE and other natural antioxidants. For example, car
6、otenoids with Vc and VE can greatly improve the stability of light; ascorbic acid and tea polyphenols can increase the stability of amaranth red pigment to light, pH and temperature 19. Japans SYC Chemical Corporation developed the three grain of wheat antioxidant against carotenoids,Anthocyanin, qu
7、inone pigments have significant stabilization of 171.3.3.3 joins metal ion chelating agentIt is mainly used to chelate metal ions and eliminate the influence of metal ions on pigments. For example, EDTA-Na2 can chelate gardenia yellow pigment in trace metal ions, to eliminate the oxidation of pigmen
8、t; twelve sodium dodecyl sulfate has obvious effect on the color protection of blackcurrant pigment.Modification of 1.3.3.4 natural pigmentBy reforming the structure of natural pigments, we can obtain new hues, improve the stability, solubility and colouring power of pigments, and have greater appli
9、cation value. Such as chlorophyll treated made of copper chlorophyll and chlorophyll zinc stability is greatly improved; chemical modification of rutin by Yang Yun, improves the stability of rutin and tinting strength; Idaka Echi in view of anthocyanins by acid, alkali, temperature influence is seri
10、ous, the use of organic acid phthalate was acylated anthocyanins, stability than the corresponding color was much higher.Microencapsulation of 1.3.3.5 natural pigmentAt present, microencapsulation technology has been widely applied to food industry including pigments, powder flavors, sweeteners, sol
11、id beverages, amino acids, vitamins and inorganic salts. Microencapsulation technology applied to natural pigments can greatly improve the stability of natural pigments, so as to avoid the influence of light, oxygen, temperature, pH and other factors. At present, people have begun to try to apply mi
12、croencapsulation technology to the production of beta carotene and Monascus pigments. However, because the cost of natural pigment is higher than that of synthetic pigment, microencapsulation will make it further improved, which limits the application of microcapsule technology in the production of
13、natural pigment to some extent.Development and application of anthocyanin pigment 1.4It belongs to the flavonoid family and is one of the most widely distributed water soluble plant pigments in the plant kingdom. It is found in vacuoles in plant cells and has various colors, such as blue, purple, re
14、d, red and orange, and most of the flowers and fruits contain this substance. The word anthocyanin is taken from Greek Anthos (flowers) and Kyanos (blue). This kind of material for many years attracted the attention of the people, two famous researcher Sir Robinson Robert (1886-1975) and Richard Wil
15、lstatter (1872-1942), and won the Nobel prize in chemistry because of the contribution of plant pigment.Because of the diversity of this structure, more than 250 different species have been isolated and identified from the plant kingdom. Not in plantsIt contains only a variety of colors, and its con
16、tent varies with variety and maturity. The total flower color in each 100g fresh plant tissueThe cAMP content ranges from 20mg to as high as 600mg.The color and stability of 1.4.2 pigmentThe stability of pigment is relatively low, and the stability of F is highest in acid condition. The chromaticity
17、 and stability of the pigment are affected by sugarThe strong influence of substituents on ligands. It is not only degraded by the extraction of plant tissues, but also during processing and storageThe same thing happened.By taking the proper addition of 1_ and the selection of the best colour, one
18、can make use of the knowledge of General ChemistryCan reduce the degradation of pigment. The main factors that affect the degradation of anthocyanins are pH., temperature and oxygen concentration. Some secondary factors are usuallyThe presence of degrading enzymes, ascorbic acid, sulfur oxides, meta
19、ls, ions, and sugars. In addition, the formation of pigments may also affect flower colorDegradation rate of celecoxib.Isolation and identification methods of.4.3 generic materialsIsolation and purification of 1.4.3.1 anthocyanins (zapThe water solubility of the flower color makes it relatively easy
20、 to extract from plant tissues. Many of these products contain sugar and are usually german,But other parts of sugar may be linked to a variety of cool. With 1% or less HCl of methanol or ethanol, the already ground powderThe extraction of broken tissue is the best. If the presence of anthocyanins i
21、s present, a lower concentration of HCI must be used 0.01%-y0.05%) to prevent its hydrolysis.The crude extract of the flower has a lot of impurities, so it is difficult to identify it. Only the components are separated and purified into single flowersOnly after identification can the chemical struct
22、ure be determined. The separation and purification methods are mainly chromatography, including paper chromatography (PC)Thin layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography (CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used.Paper chromatography is a more traditional method for the s
23、eparation of natural pigments. It has the advantages of fast and simple equipment. For the fancyNo.3 or Whatman No.3 chromatography is often used for separation, and aqueous solution is used as an unfolding agent, such as acidified n-butanol solution. exhibitionAfter opening, cut the stain, with aci
24、dified alcohol washing, concentration, you can get the sample. The separation of the paper chromatography required for milligram grade pigment samplesQualitatively, it is still in widespread use. The principle of thin layer chromatography is the same as that of paper chromatography, and the same unf
25、olding agent as paper chromatography can be used.Column chromatography has also been used in the separation and purification of anthocyanin pigments. The fillers include ion exchange resins, adsorption resins and gels. throughRepeated experiments have proved that Amberlite CG-50 ion exchange resin a
26、nd Amberlite, XAD-2 or XAD-7 adsorption resin are relatively moreThe right choice, because they are in the effective removal of impurities and can preserve the original composition of anthocyanin. manyModern high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has also been used in the analysis of anthocya
27、nins. It has the advantages of short analysis time, high resolution, no thermal decomposition, small sample size and so on. The water solubility of the dyes makes this class of compounds ideal for the use of reverse C-I 8 column separation. SolventA mixture of water, acetic acid, formic acid, or pho
28、sphoric acid, methanol, or ethyl chloride. Sometimes it is difficult to separate by means of an chromatography,A combination of the above two or more methods is usually used, and better results can be obtained by using the two or more methods mentioned above.The identification of anthocyanin 1.4.3.2
29、(1) chromatographyThere are many methods for the identification of anthocyanins. As early as the paper chromatography, a lot of experimental data have been accumulated. At the time of appraisal,Even without standard products, the Re values can be roughly estimated by comparing the Re values of the s
30、ame sample in different formulationsThe variety of the product contained. In addition, TLC can also be used to identifyzs(2) spectral analysisSpectral analysis includes ultraviolet visible spectrometry (UV-VIS, Spectrum) and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The two methods were early onIt began to
31、be applied in 50s last century and has accumulated a great deal of data. Ultraviolet visible spectrometry is applied to a few more, this kindThe method includes several key points: the maximum absorption wavelength (iknax-Vin) in the visible region and the maximum absorption of A1CL3 in the visible
32、regionThe influence of wavelength; the effect of addition (NaOMe) on the maximum absorption wavelength (Mnax-Vin) of visible light;.440nmAbsorbance value and Mnax-Vi. The absorbance value ratio (A44onmAmax-vin), the anthocyanin in 300nm-330nm has no absorptionWhether the color of the flower has fluorescence under ultraviolet light; whether it is fading or not after passing into the sulfur dioxide. The infrared spectrum of anthocyanins mainly consists of benzeneRing, oxygen heterocyclic ring, sugar and light base methoxy four parts. Make infrared spectrum of sa
