1、TED英语演讲稿越有钱越无情TED英语演讲稿：越有钱越无情？ 简介：人有了钱就会变坏?社会心理学家paul piff通过操纵大富翁游戏做了一个有趣的实验，测试人们感到富有时会如何表现。 i want you to, for a moment, think about playing a game of monopoly, except in this game, that combination of skill, talent and luck that help earn you success in games, as in life, has been rendered irrelev
2、ant, because this games been rigged, and youve got the upper hand. youve got more money, more opportunities to move around the board, and more access to resources. and as you think about that experience, i want you to ask yourself, how might that experience of being a privileged player in a rigged g
3、ame change the way that you think about yourself and regard that other player? so we ran a study on the u.c. berkeley campus to look at exactly that question. we brought in more than 100 pairs of strangers into the lab, and with the flip of a coin randomly assigned one of the two to be a rich player
4、 in a rigged game. they got two times as much money. when they passed go, they collected twice the salary, and they got to roll both dice instead of one, so they got to move around the board a lot more. (laughter) and over the course of 15 minutes, we watched through hidden cameras what happened. an
5、d what i want to do today, for the first time, is show you a little bit of what we saw. youre going to have to pardon the sound quality, in some cases, because again, these were hidden cameras. so weve provided subtitles. rich player: how many 500s did you have? poor player: just one. rich player: a
6、re you serious. poor player: yeah. rich player: i have three. (laughs) i dont know why they gave me so much. paul piff: okay, so it was quickly apparent to players that something was up. one person clearly has a lot more money than the other person, and yet, as the game unfolded, we saw very notable
7、 differences and dramatic differences begin to emerge between the two players. the rich player started to move around the board louder, literally smacking the board with their piece as he went around. we were more likely to see signs of dominance and nonverbal signs, displays of power and celebratio
8、n among the rich players. we had a bowl of pretzels positioned off to the side. its on the bottom right corner there. that allowed us to watch participants consummatory behavior. so were just tracking how many pretzels participants eat. rich player: are those pretzels a trick? poor player: i dont kn
9、ow. pp: okay, so no surprises, people are onto us. they wonder what that bowl of pretzels is doing there in the first place. one even asks, like you just saw, is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick? and yet, despite that, the power of the situation seems to inevitably dominate, and those rich pla
10、yers start to eat more pretzels. rich player: i love pretzels. (laughter) pp: and as the game went on, one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns that we observed begin to emerge was that the rich players actually started to become ruder toward the other person, less and less sensitive to t
11、he plight of those poor, poor players, and more and more demonstrative of their material success, more likely to showcase how well theyre doing. rich player: i have money for everything. poor player: how much is that? rich player: you owe me 24 dollars. youre going to lose all your money soon. ill b
12、uy it. i have so much money. i have so much money, it takes me forever. rich player 2: im going to buy out this whole board. rich player 3: youre going to run out of money soon. im pretty much untouchable at this point. pp: okay, and heres what i think was really, really interesting, is that at the
13、end of the 15 minutes, we asked the players to talk about their experience during the game. and when the rich players talked about why they had inevitably won in this rigged game of monopoly - (laughter) they talked about what theyd done to buy those different properties and earn their success in th
14、e game, and they became far less attuned to all those different features of the situation, including that flip of a coin that had randomly gotten them into that privileged position in the first place. and thats a really, really incredible insight into how the mind makes sense of advantage. now this
15、game of monopoly can be used as a metaphor for understanding society and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people have a lot of wealth and a lot of status, and a lot of people dont. they have a lot less wealth and a lot less status and a lot less access to valued resources. and what my collea
16、gues and i for the last seven years have been doing is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies. what weve been finding across dozens of studies and thousands of participants across this country is that as a persons levels of wealth increase, their feelings of compassion and empathy go dow
17、n, and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness, and their ideology of self-interest increases. in surveys, we found that its actually wealthier individuals who are more likely to moralize greed being good, and that the pursuit of self-interest is favorable and moral. now what i want to do to
18、day is talk about some of the implications of this ideology self-interest, talk about why we should care about those implications, and end with what might be done. some of the first studies that we ran in this area looked at helping behavior, something social psychologists call pro-social behavior.
19、and we were really interested in whos more likely to offer help to another person, someone whos rich or someone whos poor. in one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor members of the community into the lab and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars. we told the participants that they cou
20、ld keep these 10 dollars for themselves, or they could share a portion of it, if they wanted to, with a stranger who is totally anonymous. theyll never meet that stranger and the stranger will never meet them. and we just monitor how much people give. individuals who made 25,000 sometimes under 15,0
21、00 dollars a year, gave 44 percent more of their money to the stranger than did individuals making 150,000 or 200,000 dollars a year. weve had people play games to see whos more or less likely to cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize. in one of the games, we actually rigged a computer s
22、o that die rolls over a certain score were impossible. you couldnt get above 12 in this game, and yet, the richer you were, the more likely you were to cheat in this game to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize, sometimes by three to four times as much. we ran another study where we looked at whethe
23、r people would be inclined to take candy from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified as being reserved for children - (laughter) participating - im not kidding. i know it sounds like im making a joke. we explicitly told participants this jar of candys for children participating in a developmen
24、tal lab nearby. theyre in studies. this is for them. and we just monitored how much candy participants took. participants who felt rich took two times as much candy as participants who felt poor. weve even studied cars, not just any cars, but whether drivers of different kinds of cars are more or le
25、ss inclined to break the law. in one of these studies, we looked at whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk. now in california, as you all know, because im sure we all do this, its the law to stop for a pedestrian whos waiting to cross. so heres
26、an example of how we did it. thats our confederate off to the left posing as a pedestrian. he approaches as the red truck successfully stops. in typical california fashion, its overtaken by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over. (laughter) now heres an example of a more expensive car, a prius,
27、 driving through, and a bmw doing the same. so we did this for hundreds of vehicles on several days, just tracking who stops and who doesnt. what we found was that as the expensiveness of a car increased, the drivers tendencies to break the law increased as well. none of the cars, none of the cars i
28、n our least expensive car category broke the law. close to 50 percent of the cars in our most expensive vehicle category broke the law. weve run other studies finding that wealthier individuals are more likely to lie in negotiations, to endorse unethical behavior at work like stealing cash from the
29、cash register, taking bribes, lying to customers. now i dont mean to suggest that its only wealthy people who show these patterns of behavior. not at all. in fact, i think that we all, in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives, struggle with these competing motivations of when, or if, to put our own
30、 interests above the interests of other people. and thats understandable because the american dream is an idea in which we all have an equal opportunity to succeed and prosper, as long as we apply ourselves and work hard, and a piece of that means that sometimes, you need to put your own interests a
31、bove the interests and well-being of other people around you. but what were finding is that, the wealthier you are, the more likely you are to pursue a vision of personal success, of achievement and accomplishment, to the detriment of others around you. here ive plotted for you the mean household in
32、come received by each fifth and top five percent of the population over the last 20 years. in 1993, the differences between the different quintiles of the population, in terms of income, are fairly egregious. its not difficult to discern that there are differences. but over the last 20 years, that s
33、ignificant difference has become a grand canyon of sorts between those at the top and everyone else. in fact, the top 20 percent of our population own close to 90 percent of the total wealth in this country. were at unprecedented levels of economic inequality. what that means is that wealth is not only becoming increasingly concent
