1、When pursuing international business, private enterprises and governments have to decide how to carry out their business, such as what mode of operation to use. The following shows that a company has a number of modes from which to choose. 在进行国际商务时，民营企业和政府必须决定如何展开他们的业务，比如使用什么操作方式。下面展示了一个公司的一种选择模式。ME
2、RCHANDISE EXPORTS and IMPORTS商品出口和进口Companies may export or import either goods or services. More companies are involved in exporting and importing than in any other international mode. 公司可以出口和进口任何商品或服务。与其他任何国际模式相比，越来越多的公司参与出口和进口业务。This is especially true of smaller companies, even though they are l
3、ess likely than large companies to engage in exporting. （ large companies are also more apt to engage in other forms of foreign operations in addition to exporting and importing. ） merchandise exports are tangible products goods sent out of a country ; merchandise imports are goods brought in. 这种情况特
4、别适合于较小的公司，尽管他们不太可能像大公司那样从事出口。（大企业也更容易以其他形式从事出口和进口的海外业务。）商品出口是有形资产 商品 输出到外国的过程;商品进口是商品的引进。Because these goods can be seen leaving and entering a country , they are sometimes called visible exports and imports. The terms exports and imports frequently apply to merchandise, not service. 因为这些商品可以 看做输出和输
5、入到一个国家，它们有时被称为有形出口和进口。这个关于出口和进口的术语通常使用与商品，而不是服务。When a Chinese contractor sends Phantom Menace action figures from China to the United States, the contractor exports and Hasbro imports. The action figures are exports for China and imports for the United States. For most countries, exporting and impo
6、rting of goods are the major sources of international revenue and expenditures. 当一个中国承包从中国向美国输出Phantom Menace的人物玩具时,承包商出口和Hasbro进口。这个人物玩具从中国出口和从美国进口。对大部分国家来说,进口和出口商品是国际收入和支出主要来源。SERVICE EXPORTS and IMPORTS服务出口和进口Service exports and imports are nonproduct international earnings, the company or indivi
7、dual receiving payment is making a service export. The company or individual paying is making a service import. Service exports and imports take many forms. In this section, we discuss the following sources of such earnings: 服务出口与进口是无形产品的国际收益,公司或个人收取形成服务出口。公司或者个人支付形成服务进口。服务出口和进口有多种形式。在这一节中,我们讨论如下收益来
8、源:Tourism and transportation Performance of services Use of assets旅游与交通；服务性支付；可用资产When Lucasfilm exports films from the United States, the films travel internationally, as do Lucasfilm employees when they go abroad to promote the films. Lets say that Lucasfilm sends its employees and films to German
9、y on Lufthansa, a German airline, and the employees stay in Germany for a few days. 当卢卡斯影业从美国出口电影，卢卡斯的员工就要通过国际旅行到国外推销电影电影国际旅行一样。让我们这么说,卢卡斯影业把他们的员工和电影送往德国汉莎航空公司,而员工在德国逗留几天。Their payments to Lufthansa and thear expenses in Germany are service exports for Germany and service imports for the United Stat
10、es. International tourism and transportation are important sources of revenue for airlines, shipping companies, travel agencies, and hotels. Some countries economies, too, depend heavily on revenue from these economic sectors. 他们的付款给德国汉莎航空公司的费用在德国是服务出口和在美国是服务的进口。国际旅游、运输收入的重要来源是航空公司、船舶、旅行社、及酒店。某些国家的经
11、济在很大程度上依赖于这些经济部门。For example, in Greece and Norway, a significant amount of employment, profits, and foreign-exchange earnings comes from foreign cargo that is carried on ships owned by citizens of those countries. 例如,在希腊和挪威,大量的就业、利润以及外汇收入是来自这些国家的公民拥有的船舶进行外国货物的运输。Earnings from foreign tourism are mo
12、re important for the Bahamian economy than are earnings from the export of merchandise. Similarly, in recent years the United States gas earned more from foreign tourism than from its exports of agricultural goods. 巴哈马的更重要的经济来源是外国旅游业收入，超过了商品出口。同样，最近几年美国天然气赚取更多的外国旅游而不是农产品的出口。Performance of Services S
13、ome services anking, insurance, rentals （ sch as of Star Wars films ）, engineering management services, and so on net companies earnings in the form of fees, that is, payments for the performance of those services. 经营银行、保险、租赁（像影片星球大战的租赁）、工程、经营管理服务等服务性事业的那些公司净得服务费形式的收入，即对它们完成那些服务性活动所支付的款项。On an inter
14、national level, for example, companies pay fees for engineering services that are often handled through turnkey operations construction, erformed under contract, of facilities that are transferred to the owner when they are ready to egin operating. 例如，从国际角度来看，公司对常常通过统包式业务进行的工程方面的服务支付服务费，而统包式业务就是根据合同
15、进行设施的建造，这些设施在准备开始运转时转移给物主。Companies also pay fees for management contracts arrangements in which one company provides personnel to perform general or specialized management functions for another company. Disney receives management fees from managing theme parks in France and Japan. 公司还管理合同支付费用 - 安排在其中一个公司提供的人员为另一家公司执行一般或专门的管理职能。迪斯尼收取来自法国和日本的管理主题公园管理费。Use of Assets 资产的使用When companies allow others to use their assets, such as trademarks, patents, copyrights, or expertise under contracts, also known as licensing agreements, they receive earnin
