1、 “Materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “Materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined
2、set of properties.“材料科学”涉及到材料的结构和性能之间的关系研究。相比之下，“材料工程”是在这些结构性能的相关的基础上，设计材料的结构以生产预定的一组属性。 “ Virtually” all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical. and deteriorative.“事实上”固体材料的所有重要特性可分为六个不同的类别：机械，电，热，磁，光和
3、变质。 In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials. namely processing and performance .除结构与特征外，材料科学和工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。 The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and struc
4、ture-property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。 On only rare occasion does a material possess
5、the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行权衡。3. Translate the following into English交又学科 interdisciplinary study 介电常数 dielectric constant 固体材料 solid materials 热容 heat capacity力学性质 mecha
6、nical property 电磁辐射 electromagnetism radiation 材料加工 materials processing 弹性系数（模数） elastic modulus直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was no until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造
7、问题和材料的应用问题。Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能.Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。Material mechanical p
8、roperties is relative with its deformation coming from outside force or load.Unit2composite materials 复合材料 nonlocalized electrons 游离电子advanced materials 先进材料 stiffnesses 刚性semiconductor 半导体 biomaterials 生物材料smart materials 智能材料 nanoengineered materials 纳米工程材料 Metals are extremely good conductors of
9、electricity and heat,and are not transparent visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。 Ceramics, are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals
10、 and polymers.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面优于金属和高聚物。 Materials that are utilized in high-technology （or high-tech） applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.应用于高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。 Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field （or voltage）; conversely,
11、they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.响应外加电场（或电压），压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。 With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules form new
12、 structures and，thus，design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents （i. c., “materials by design”）.随着扫描探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。先进材料 advaneced materials 陶瓷材料 ceramic materials高性能材料 high-perfomiance materials 黏土矿物 clay minerals合金 allo
13、ys 移植 implant 玻璃纤维 glass fiber 碳纳米管 carbon nanotube金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds , and they have ve
14、ry large molecular structures.半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors （viz. metals and metal alloys） and insulators （viz. ceramics and polymers）.生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produ
15、ce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit3naked eye 肉眼 transition elements 过渡元素mechanical property 力学性能 atomic number 原子序数 elementary chemistry 基础化学 positively charged protons 带正电的质子 Metals behave differently than ceramics,and ceramics behave differently than polymers.金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。
