1、热传导：thermol conduction热对流：thermal convection热辐射 ：thermal radiation学生毕业后能胜任现代火力发电厂,制冷与低温工程及相关的热能与动力工程专业的技术与管理工作,并能从事其它能源动力领域的专门技术工作. The graduates may find employment of technology and management in the fields of the Thermal Energy &Power Engineering （TEPE） and its relevance, such as modern power pla
2、nt or the Refrigeration and Cryogenics Engineering （RCE）, the graduates may also engaged in the special technique in the fields related to TEPE. 现代空气动力学、流体力学、热力学、水力学以及航空航天工程、水利水电工程、热能工程、流体机械工程都提出了一系列复杂流动问题,其中包括高速流、低速流、管道流、燃烧流、冲击流、振荡流、涡流、湍流、旋转流、多相流等等A series of complicated flow problems have been pos
3、ed in modern fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, thermodynamics, and aeronautical and aerospace engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering, heat energy engineering, fluid machinery engineering, and so on, and they cover high-speed flow, low-speed flow, eddy flow, turbulent flow, burning fl
4、ow, impact flow, oscillating flow, backflow, and two-phase flow, etc.In the thermal engineering, the studied objects normally are isolated from one another and then we try to analysis the change and interaction, the studied objects isolated is named thermodynamic system.在热力工程中，通常将研究对象分离出来再分析其变化及（与外界
5、）的相互作用，该对象即热力系统。Conduction is a process that the heat transfers from the parts of high temperature of the object to the low or from a warmer object to the cooler contacting with it. 2导热即热量从物体的高温部向低温部或从热物体向与之接触的冷物体传递的过程。Thermal convection may occur from one location to another by means of current set
6、 up in a fluid medium. 4对流是借助于流体介质形成的介质流来实现热量传递任务的。For radiant heat transfer, there is a change in energy form; from internal energy at the source to electromagnetic energy for transmission, then back to internal energy at the receiver. 6而热辐射（过程的实现）有一能量形式的转换过程，即热源内能（先）转化为电磁能进行传递，再于接受处转化为内能形式。Radiati
7、on is the only type of heat transfer that can travel through a vacuum, such as space, because radiation is not dependent of matter as a medium of heat transfer. This is impossible with convection and conduction because they require some form of matter, like air or water, tobe the transmitting medium
8、. 热辐射是唯一能够穿透真空（如宇宙空间）的热传递形式，因为热辐射不依赖于介质。这对于热对流和热传导是不可能的,因为它们需要空气和水等热传递介质。BoilerA boiler is a closed vessel in which water （or other fluid） is heated under pressure and generate steam, the fluid is then circulated out of theboiler for use in various processes or heating applications, such as formotiv
9、e power or to provide heating in a house. 1 锅炉是一种闭口容器，水（或其他流体）被加热产生压力蒸汽，然后循环于锅炉外各种过程或加热应用，如提供动力和为房间供热。Electric boilers use resistance or immersion type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Heat recovery steam generators （HRSGs） use the heat rejected f
10、rom other processes such as gas turbines.电锅炉使用电阻或浸入式加热元件。原子核裂变也用于产生蒸汽的热源。回热式蒸汽发生器（简称HRSGs）是利用其它过程中排放的热量来工作的，如燃气轮机中燃气的余热。The water-tube construction facilitates obtaining greater boiler capacity,and the use of higher pressure. In addition, the water-tube boiler offers greater versatility in arrangeme
11、nt and it permits the most efficient use of the furnace, super-heater, re-heater and other heat recovery components. Water-tube boilers may be classified as straight-tube and bent-tube.水管结构有利于取得更好的锅炉容量，更高的压力。此外，水管锅炉为锅炉布置提供了更大的灵活性，它允许炉最有效地利用炉，过热器，再热器及其他热回收组件。It is necessary to keep the tube metal tem
12、peratures in all the circuits of a steam generating unit under the critical. 2保持蒸汽发电机所有回路的金属管温度在临界值之下很必要。text4The fluid of a steam turbine is steam. Some of the heat and pressure energy of it are changed into mechanical energy by imparting rotary motion to turbine blade wheels.2 In turbines the rota
13、ry motion is obtained by direct action of the steam on the blade wheels or rotors. The speed of a fluid flow, which in water turbines is produced by a fall in level, in steam turbines is produced by a fall in pressure of the steam from the boiler. 汽轮机所用的流体是水蒸汽。其中部分热能和压力能由于驱动涡轮机叶轮旋转变为机械能。在汽轮机中旋转运动是由水
14、蒸汽对叶片轮或转子直接作用所获得的。对于流体流动的速度，在水汽轮机中是由高度差产生，在蒸汽轮机中由来自锅炉的压力差产生。because the turbine generates rotary motion, rather than requiring a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion, it is particularly suited for use driving an electrical generator about 86% of all. electric generation in the
15、 world is by use of steam turbines. 因为涡轮产生旋转运动，而不需要联动机制转换往复运动，特别适合用于驱动发电机（世界上约86 %的发电装置采用汽轮机）。 The chief advantages of the turbine are freedom from vibration and noise, smooth and uniform rotary force, and ability to handle large quantities of fluid-in this case steam, 涡轮机主要优点是无振动、低噪音、运转平稳和适应大流量Unit3 Text7Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from matter which may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas.1 Refrigeration maintains the temperature of the heat source below that of its surroundings while transferring the extracted heat, and any required energy input, to atmospheric air, or
