1、初中英语知识点概括第一讲 名词和冠词一 名词： 世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。 （专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写） 表示人： Yang Liwei 杨利伟 Alice 爱丽丝 表示事物： the Changjiang River 长江 December 十二月 表示地名： Macao 澳门 New York 纽约 表示节日: Christmas Day 圣诞节 Childrens Day 儿童节 表示机构： WTO 世界贸易组织 the Universi
2、ty of London 伦敦大学 普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。 类 别定 义例 词普 通 名 词可数名词个体名词 用来指单个人或者事物的名词。 taxi 出租车scientist 科学家computer 电脑集体名词用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 army 军队 police 警察family 警察 class 班级不可数名词物质名词用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。water 水 wind 风glass 玻璃 steel 钢铁抽象名词用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。honesty 诚实 love 热爱silence 安静life 生活（一
3、）名词的单复数形式： 可数名词的单复数形式1. 规则变化 构成法例一般情况在词尾加-sshop-shops desk-desks以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加-esbus-buses box-boxeswatch-watches brush-brushes以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词直接加-sface-faces house-housespagepages 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y 变成i再加-esbabybabies citycities factoryfactories story-stories以辅音字母+o结尾的词，多数在词尾加-estomatotomatoes
4、 heroheroespotatopotatoes 以元音字母+o结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词，加-sradioradios photophotospianopianos zoo-zoos以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-s lifelives knifeknives wifewives roofroofs 2. 不规则变化 名词复数的特殊形式 manmen, womanwomen, policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen, footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren, GermanG
5、ermans 有些名词的单复数形式同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish 合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式 girl studentgirl students pencil-boxpencil-boxes 由man和woman 构成的合成词，全部变成复数 man doctormen doctors woman teacher -women teachers 只有复数的名词trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people, scissors, chopsticks 不
6、可数名词的数量表达 a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1. Mrs. Lenny gave us _ on how to learn English well. A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If these trousers are too bi
7、g, buy a small _ A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of _ are talking about two _ A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; Frenchmans C) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. -What would you like to drink, girls? -_, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cups of coffees D) two
8、 cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _ A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers6. We neednt buy any _. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many _ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milks D) glasses of mi
9、lk 8. I think maths _ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two _ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. Im thirsty, please make _ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B组：用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I have two _(knife). 2. They come from different _(country
10、). 3. The _(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice _(photo). Let me show you some of them. 5. How many _(foot) does a cat have?6. There are many _(bus) on the road. 7. Look at the picture, a lion is running after a group of _(deer).8. Here is a birthday card for you wit
11、h our best _(wish).9. Changjiang River is one of the longest _(river) in China.10. The students in Class 1 are all _(Japan). C 组：判断对错1. A: My glasses is broken. ( ) B: My glasses are broken. ( ) 2. A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ( ) B: I want to buy two shoes. ( ) 3. A: I need a few ink. ( ).
12、B: I need a little ink. ( ) 4. A: Dont eat too much meat. ( ) B: Dont eat too much meats. ( ) 5. A: May I borrow two radioes? ( ) B: May I borrow two radios? ( ) (二) 名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式1. 单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加s Jims sister Lucys pen 2. 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加 the students book Teachers Day 3. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加s Childrens Day Womens Day 4. 表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加s, Lucy and Lilys bedroom5. 表示各自所有的， 则每个名词都加s Lucys and Lilys desks 6. 名词所有格常用省略式， 省去被名词所有格修饰的名词 at the doctors 7. “of+ 名词所有格”，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个 a friend
