1、困苦记法n/adj.shipn.hard adj.困难的hardship n苦难；联想member n成员membership n成员资格friend n朋友friendship n友谊owner n所有者ownership n所有权relation n关系；亲戚relationship n关系；关联scholar n. 学者；奖学金获得者scholarship n学问；奖学金3.percentage n百分比；百分率联想percent n. 百分之4.“多数与少数”面面观major adj.主要的 majority n. 大多数；大半in the majority of . 占多数minor
2、 adj. 少数的；次要的minority n. 少数；少数派/人in the minority of . 占少数1.meansn手段；2.ministryn. （政府的）部；（全体）牧师；牧师的职责3.hardshipn. 苦难；4.federaladj. 联邦制的；联邦政府的5.railn. 铁路；扶手；（护栏的）横条6.percentagen. 百分比；7.boomn. （人口、贸易的）繁荣vi. 处于经济迅速发展时期8.aircraftn. 飞行器；航空器；飞机.拓展词汇1.distinctadj.清晰的；明显的；明确的distinctionn差别；区分；卓著2.majorityn大多
3、数；大半major adj.主要的；重要的minority（反义词）n.少数3.electvt.选择；决定做某事；选举（某人）election n选举4.Italyn意大利Italiann. &adj.意大利人（的）；意大利语（的）5.racialadj. 人种的；种族的race n人种；种族二、这样记短语记牢固定短语多积常用词块1.live_on继续存在；继续生存2by_means_of_. 用办法；借助3in_addition 而且4declare_war_on_. 向宣战5make_a_life 习惯于新的生活方式、工作等6keep_up 坚持；维持；沿袭（风俗、传统等）7become_
4、home_to 成为的家园8attract_._to_. 把吸引到1.the third largest state 第三大洲2a land bridge 大陆桥3the native people 土著人4in the early 16th century 16世纪初期5a strong Spanish influence 很强的西班牙文化的影响6a first or second language 第一或第二语言7in and around San Francisco 在旧金山及其周边地区8the dream of becoming rich 发财梦三、这样记句式先背熟再悟通后仿用1.Ex
5、actly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows.最早一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在了解的加利福尼亚地区的，谁也说不清楚。what引导的名词性从句在句中作介词的宾语。The picture reminded me of what_I_had_experienced in the village.这幅画使我想起了我在那个村子里的经历。2.However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in Cali
6、fornia at least fifteen thousand years ago.然而，可能至少在15 000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亚了。it is likely that .“有可能”。It_is_likely_that a visit to the Great Wall for us students is an unforgettable experience. 对我们学生而言参观长城有可能是一次难忘的经历。3.That is why today over 40% of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second langu
7、age.那就是今天超过40%的加利福尼亚人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的原因。That is why .“那就是的原因”。He is addicted to computer games, and that_is_why he has to drop out of school.他迷恋电脑游戏，那就是他不得不辍学的原因。4.It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural group
8、s, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以至于不可能存在一种明显主要的种族或文化群体，而只是多种族、多文化的混合体。It is believed that .“人们认为/相信”，其构成为：Itbe过去分词that从句。It_is_believed_that working hard can lead to success.人们相信努力工作就能成功。1（教材P1）The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their n
9、ew home.这些移民的风俗习惯及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。 live on（1）继续生存；继续存在（on为副词）He died ten years ago, but his memory lives on.他十年前就去世了，但他仍然活在人们的记忆中。（2）靠生活；以为生；（人）以为食（on为介词）The whale does not live_on_small_fish.这种鲸鱼并不以小鱼为食。live up to 符合；不辜负；履行live through 经历过live by doing 靠为生He hosted the Academy Awards again this year,
10、 and his talks always live_up_to the expectation of most audience.他今年又一次主持了奥斯卡颁奖典礼，他的语言总能满足大部分观众的期望。The old man lives by selling newspapers every day.这位老人每天靠卖报纸谋生。2（教材P2）Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed
11、in prehistoric times.科学家们认为这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡到达美洲。 means n手段；by means of 通过；用；借助于by this means 用这种方法by no means 绝不；无论如何也不（放在句首时，句子用部分倒 装语序）In addition, we have more choices by means of “wild release”（2015重庆高考满分作文）此外，通过自由分享我们有更多的选择。By no means was （be） he satisfied with the job.他对这项工作一点
12、也不满意。名师点津（1）means是单复数同形的名词。常见的单复数同形的名词还有：species（种类）, series（系列），works（工厂）等。（2）means作主语且有every, each等表示单数意义的词对其进行修饰时，谓语动词用单数。（3）means作主语且有all, several, many, few等表示复数意义的词对其进行修饰时，谓语动词用复数。Every possible means has_been_tried （try）, but none has worked.All possible means have_been_tried （try）, but none
13、has worked.各种可能的办法都尝试了，但没有一种奏效。3（教材P2）Of the first Spanish to go to California，the majority were religious men，whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives.在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住居民传授天主教。 majority n大多数；（1）a/the majority of . 大多数be in the/a majority 构成大部分/大多数（2）minority n
14、. 少数；in the minority 占少数When I have a different opinion, I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority. 当我有不同的观点时，我会选择放弃，尊重大多数人的观点。Only a_minority_of people in that city do not have a car while the people taking subway to work are in the majority.在那个城市只有少数人没有汽车，但是乘坐地铁上班的人却占了大多数。名师点津the/a majority of名词，表示“大多数”，谓
