1、occasionally epigastric or interscapular 上腹部/肩胛间sense of impending death 濒死感autonomic disturbance including sweating, nausea, vomiting Signs 体征Vital signs 生命体征blood pressure （systolic/diastolic, pulse pressure脉压）:hypertension/hypotensionpulse rate 脉律: regular/irregulardropped beat脉搏短绌respitatory rat
2、e : tachypnea呼吸急促/ respiration ceases呼吸停止temperature: fever /clammy peripheries 四肢湿冷cyanosis 发绀loss of consciousness，unconsciousness意识丧失tic of limbs四肢抽搐gatism，urinary and fecal incontinence大小便失禁cardiac apex （4/5th ICS-MCL or displaced laterally） 心尖palpable liftthrill 震颤cardiac dilatation心脏扩大large ri
3、ght atrium 右房大dilated left ventricle 左室大beats per minute ,bpm （heart rate） 心率: tachycardia/bradycardia, regular/irregular rhythmheart sounds: S1,S2,S3,S4gallop奔马律, systolic click收缩期卡嗒音, opening snap（二尖瓣）开瓣音,pericardial knock 心包叩击音heart murmur 心脏杂音systolic/diastolic/continousgrade 1-5crescendo/decres
4、cendo 递增/递减radiationlocationpitch音调quality 性质pericardial friction rub， pericardial rub心包摩擦音inspiratory crepitations over the lung bases, basal crackles 肺底湿啰音wheezing rale 哮鸣音cardiomegaly 心脏肥大elevated venous pressuredistention of jugular vein，jugular filling，jugular varicosity颈静脉怒张/充盈hepatojugular re
5、flux sign肝颈静脉回流征ascites 腹水edema of lower extremity下肢水肿Hypertensive disease高血压病sphygmomanometer；blood pressure gauge，BPG血压计stethoscope听诊器hypertensionprimary hypertensionsecondary hypertensionchronic kidney disease, CKDdrugs: non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug，NSAID非甾体类抗炎药glucocorticosteroids糖皮质激素mine
6、ral corticoid ，MCH盐皮质激素oral contraceptives口服避孕药adrenomimetic拟肾上腺素药monoamine oxidase inhibitor单胺氧化酶抑制剂tricyclic antidepressant;TCA三环类抗抑郁药immunodepressant免疫抑制剂（如ciclosporin环孢素）erythropoietin， EPO 促红细胞生成素hyperthyrea, hyperthyroidism, hyperthyrosis甲状腺功能亢进primary hyperaldosteronism原发性醛固酮增多症adrenal cortic
7、al hyperplasia肾上腺皮质增生症chromaffin-cell tumor，chromaffinom，medullosuprarenoma，phaeochromocytoma，PCC嗜铬细胞瘤sleep apnea syndrome睡眠呼吸暂停综合征diabetes mellitus糖尿病coarctation of aorta，COA主动脉缩窄white coat hypertensionisolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压hypertensive emergencies 高血压急症hypertensive urgencies 高血压亚急
8、症hypertensive crisis 高血压危象hypertensive encephalopathy 高血压性脑病The coronary circulationleft anterior descending artery,LADleft circumflex coronary artery, LCXright coronary artery, RCACoronary artery disease;coronary heart disease，CAD,CHD冠心病atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化atheromatous plaques 动脉粥样斑块plaque ruptur
9、e 斑块破裂angina pectoris 心绞痛stable angina pectoris 稳定性心绞痛variant angina pectoris 变异性心绞痛silent myocardial ischemia 无症状心肌缺血（latent coronary heart disease 隐匿性冠心病）myocardial bridging 心肌桥post-infarction angina pectoris 梗死后心绞痛acute coronary syndrome，ACS 急性冠脉综合征unstable angina pectoris ,UAP 不稳定心绞痛rest 静息型 , n
10、ew/initial初发型，accelerated 恶化型acute myocardial infarction ,AMI 急性心肌梗死non-ST segment elevation MI, NSTEMIST segment elevation MI， STEMIsudden cardiac death, SCD 心脏性猝死dysfunction/rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能不全/断裂rupture of chordae tendineae腱索断裂rupture of the heart ,cardiac rupture心脏破裂embolism 栓塞（s
11、ystemic体循环）cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Four chambers: left/right atrium/ventricle 心房/心室 （atrial 心房,ventricular 心室）atrial septum房间隔 interventricular septum 室间隔Cardiac insufficiency心功能不全，heart failure 心衰compensated/overt heart failure 代偿性/显性心衰congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭a
12、cute/chronic left-sided heart failure 急/慢性左心衰竭intractable heart failure难治性心衰systolic/diastolic insufficiency heart failure收缩/舒张功能不全心衰The electrical conduction systemsinoatrial nodeHis bundleright and left bundlesleft anterior and posterior hemibundlesPurkinje networkArrhythmia 心律失常triggered activity
13、 触发活动re-entry 折返afterdepolarization 后除极sinus bradycardia/ tachycardia窦性心动过缓/心动过速sinus pause （sinus arrest）窦性停搏（窦性静止）sinoatrial block （Wenckebach 文氏，Mobitz莫氏）sick sinus syndrome（SSS） 病态窦房结综合征：bradycardia-tachycardia syndromeatrial premature beats 房性期前收缩atrial tachycardia（automatic, reentrant,chaotic）
14、 （自律性，折返性，紊乱性）房性心动过速2011-04-24 14:44回复2楼torasemide托拉塞米，特苏尼potassium-sparing diuretic: antisterone, Spironolactone螺内酯，安体舒通inotropic agent 正性肌力药digitalis preparation洋地黄类：digoxin地高辛，cedilanid，lanatoside C西地兰adrenergic receptor stimulant: dopamine多巴胺，dobutamine 多巴酚丁胺adrenaline肾上腺素isopropylnoradrenalin异丙肾
