1、Browns 12 Principles of Language Teaching and LearningTeaching By PrinciplesLanguage Teaching requires connectingTHEORY and PRACTICE.Language Teaching requires connectingTHEORY and PRACTICE.Teaching By PrinciplesLanguage Teaching requires connecting THEORY and PRACTICE.There are three types of princ
2、iples:#mental and intellectualCognitiveEmotionalSocioaffectivelanguage LinguisticCognitive Principles1.Automaticity Students absorb language automatically.Students move toward fluency and“think”about language less/moreless as they progress.Application in teachingDont overwhelm students with language
3、 rulesbalance rules and practice.Cognitive Principles2.Meaningful Learning Rote learning has little chance of creating long-term retention.Application in teachingAppeal to students language needs and goalslink new knowledge to previous knowledgeavoid pitfalls of teaching forthe testCognitive Princip
4、les3.Anticipation of Reward Reward=Better/poorer performanceBetter performance Application in teachingUse verbal praise,encouragement,compliments,enthusiasmremind students of long-term rewards.Cognitive Principles4.Intrinsic MotivationThe most powerful rewards are those that are intrinsically motiva
5、ted within the learner.What is motivation?#It is the extent to which you make choices about（a）goals to pursue and（b）the effort you will devote to that pursuitApplication in teachingfoster feeling of competence and self-determinationLimit focus on gaining an award or avoiding punishment4.Intrinsic Mo
6、tivationThe most powerful rewards are those that are intrinsically motivated within the learner.What is motivation?#It is the extent to which you make choices about（a）goals to pursue and（b）the effort you will devote to that pursuitApplication in teachingfoster feeling of competence and self-determin
7、ationLimit focus on gaining an award or avoiding punishmentCognitive Principles5.Strategic InvestmentThe methods that learners use to internalize and to perform in the language are as important as methods of theteacher or more soApplication in teachingHelp students becomeaware of their own learning
8、preferences and teach them how to be good language learners.Cognitive Principles6.Autonomy Successful learners take control of their own language learningwith the teacher as afacilitator or guide.teacher-dependentself-dependentSocioaffective Principles7.Language EgoStudents feel awkward in the learn
9、ing environment and good teachers compensate.Application in teachingSupport your students,choose techniques that challenge but dont overwhelmmove from teacher-controlled to student-controlled activitiesgradually.Socioaffective Principles8.Willingness to Communicate Students who are self-confident ta
10、ke risks and accomplish more.Application in teaching Encourage both accuracy and risk-takingcarefully sequence techniques to ensure learnersuccess.Socioaffective Principles9.Language-Culture Connection Successfully learning a language means learning about the culture,too.Application in teachingDiscu
11、ss cross-cultural differences and respect.Linguistic Principles10.Native Language EffectIn beginning levels,many errors are caused by native language interferenceNative language can also facilitate learning.Application in teachingPoint out common L1 interferenceteach cognatesteach students to think
12、directly in the target language.Linguistic Principles11.InterlanguageDoes John can play?#We goed yesterday.As students acquire a language,interlanguage is displayed.Your feedback helps learners move towards target-language accuracy.Application in teachingPoint out interlanguage errorsShow students t
13、hat these errors mean their brain isin“language learning mode.”Linguistic Principles12.Communicative Competence Being competent in the language means:#Organizational CompetencePragmatic CompetenceStrategic CompetencePsychomotor Skills CompetenceOrganizational CompetencePragmatic CompetenceStrategic
14、CompetencePsychomotor Skills Competence12 Principles of Language TeachingAutomaticityMeaningful LearningAnticipation of RewardIntrinsic MotivationStrategic InvestmentAutonomyLanguage EgoWillingness to CommunicateLanguage-Culture ConnectionNative Language EffectInterlanguageCommunicative CompetenceAutomaticityMeaningful LearningAnticipation of RewardIntrinsic MotivationStrategic InvestmentAutonomyLanguage EgoWillingness to CommunicateLanguage-Culture ConnectionNative Language EffectInterlanguageCommunicative Competence
