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    CIC滤波器学习笔记Word下载.docx

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    CIC滤波器学习笔记Word下载.docx

    1、Figure 2a是标准的D-point moving-average 处理,需要D-1次加法运算和1次乘法运算。时域表达式:Equation 1 z域表达式:Equation 2 z域传递函数:Equation 3 Figure 2b: 迭代running-sum filter,等价于figure 2a.y(n) = 1/D * x(n) + x(n-1) + + x(n-D+1)y(n-1) = 1/D * x(n-1) + x(n-2) + x(n-D+1) + x(n-D)y(n) y(n-1) = 1/D * x(n) x(n-D)Equation 4 Equation 5 Equa

    2、tion 3 和 Equation 5 本质是一样的。Equation 3 是非递归表达式,equation 5是递归表达式。不考虑delay length D的话,递归形式只需要一个加法和一个减法运算。例子:figure 1a的matlab实现,滑动平均滤波器,忽略scale factor% Moving Average filter N = 10; %延时 xn = sin(2*pi*0:.1:10); %n=0:1:100; sin(2*pi*f*t)=sin(2*pi*f*T*n)=f=1Hz, fs=10Hz. hn = ones(1,N); %脉冲响应 y1n = conv(xn,

    3、hn); % transfer function of Moving Average filter hF = fft(hn,1024);plot(-512:511/1024, abs(fftshift(hF);xlabel(Normalized frequency) ylabel(Amplitude) title(frequency response of Moving average filter) Figure 1c的matlab实现% Implementing Cascaded Integrator Comb filter with the % comb section followin

    4、g the integrator stage delayBuffer = zeros(1,N);intOut = 0;for ii = 1:length(xn) % comb section combOut = xn(ii) delayBuffer(end);delayBuffer(2:end) = delayBuffer(1:end-1);delayBuffer(1) = xn(ii);% integrator intOut = intOut + combOut;y2n(ii) = intOut;end err12 = y1n(1:length(xn) y2n;err12dB = 10*lo

    5、g10(err12*err12/length(err12) % identical outputs close all 先integrator后comb的实现% integrator section following the comb stage intOut = intOut + xn(ii);combOut = intOut delayBuffer(end);delayBuffer(1) = intOut;y3n(ii) = combOut;err13 = y1n(1:length(xn) y3n;err13dB = 10*log10(err13*err13/length(err13)

    6、% identical outputsCIC filter structures Figure 2c: the classic form of 1st-order CIC filter, 忽略figure 2b中的1/D因子。其中前馈部分称为comb section, 其differential delay 是D;反馈部分称为积分器。差分方程:Equation 6Equation 7Figure 3: Single-stage CIC filter time-domain responses when D = 5 Figure 2c这个1阶CIC滤波器看做是2部分的级联。Figure 3a是c

    7、omb stage的脉冲响应,figure 3b是积分器的脉冲响应,figure 3c是整个系统的脉冲响应。系统的脉冲响应是一个矩形序列,等价于moving-average filter和recursive running-sum filter的单位脉冲响应,仅仅相差一个常数的scale factor。Figure 4: Characteristics of a single-stage CIC filter when D = 51阶CIC滤波器的频率响应,Equation 7在单位圆上的z变换:Equation 8Equation 9 If we ignore the phase facto

    8、r in Equation 9, that ratio of sin() terms can be approximated by a sin(x )/x function. This means the CIC filters frequency magnitude response is approximately equal to a sin(x )/x function centered at 0Hz as we see in Figure 4a. (This is why CIC filters are sometimes called sinc filters.)虽然在单位圆上有极

    9、点,但是CIC滤波器的系数都是1,滤波器系数没有量化误差,因此CIC滤波器并不存在通常滤波器因在单位圆上有极点而导致的风险。虽然有递归,但是CIC滤波器是稳定的,线性相位的,有有限长度的脉冲响应。在0Hz处(DC),CIC滤波器增益等于comb滤波器delay D.CIC 滤波器在抽取和插值中的应用 Figure 5: Single-stage CIC filters used in decimation and interpolation 大多数的CIC滤波器的rate change R等于comb的差分延时D.Figure 6: Magnitude response of a 1st-or

    10、der, D = 8, decimating CIC filter: before decimation; aliasiing after R = 8 decimation s ,out = s ,in /R The spectral band, of width B , centered at 0Hz is the desired passband of the filter.A key aspect of CIC filters is the spectral folding that takes place due to decimation.假设CIC的输入信号的频谱是在-s ,in

    11、/2, s ,in /2 上的方波,那么经过CIC滤波器以后的输出信号的频谱如figure 6a绿色的包络所示。我们知道,在8分之一下采用的情况下,s ,out /2 是下采用后信号的频域边界,即s ,in /16 。下采样后信号频域范围是-s ,out /2, s ,out /2 ,即是-s ,in /16, s ,in /16 ,带宽为s ,in /8 。采样前信号在s ,in /8 的整数倍为中心频率,宽度为 s ,in /8 的频谱都会混迭到 下采样后的信号频带内。虽然下采样后信号的s ,in /8 频带都被混迭了,由于我们真正关心的是以0hz为中心,带宽为B的一段频带,在这个频带外的

    12、频谱不需要考虑。Figure 6a 中用阴影表示了将要被混迭且影响目标频带的频谱。Figure 6b 是对混迭后(下采样后)目标频带的频谱混迭情况。Figure 7: 1st-order, D = R = 8, interpolating CIC filter spectra: input spectrum; output spectral images Figure 7a 是一个任意的基带频谱和它的由于8倍插值而产生的在s ,in 整数倍上的频谱复制。Figure 7b是滤波器的输出频谱,反映了不完美的滤波引入的不需要的频谱镜像。在CIC滤波器后连接一个传统的lowpass tapped-d

    13、elay-line FIR滤波器,如果这个滤波器的阻带包含第一个频谱镜像,那么可以很好的滤除这些频谱镜像。Improving CIC attenuation Figure 8: 3rd-order CIC decimation filter structure, and magnitude response before decimation when D = R = 8Equation 10 提高抗混迭衰减的代价是增加了硬件加法器的使用,同时还增加了通带的弯曲下垂。另外,增加滤波器阶数会影响到滤波器增益,滤波器增益跟阶数成指数关系。因为为保持稳定,CIC分不清通常需要全精度,加法器的bit数

    14、为M log2 (D ),这意味着高滤波器阶数需要大的数据位宽。即使如此,多级实现形式在商用集成电路中是很常用的,M阶的CIC滤波器常称为sincM 滤波器。Building a CIC filter Figure 9: Single-stage CIC filter implementations: for decimation; for interpolation 通常将CIC滤波器的comb部分放在低采样率区域来减少用于存储delay的存储器的size.Figure 10: CIC decimation filter responses: for various values of di

    15、fferential delay N , when R = 8; for two decimation factors when N =2 那些采样率比高的采样率转换,其comb部分的差分延时的设计参数N的典型值是1或2。N有效的决定了抽取滤波器频率响应中零点的个数。如Figure 10a所示。CIC抽取滤波器的一个重要特征是:在N一定的情况下,对于不同的抽取率R,滤波器响应的形状变化很小,如图figure 10b所示。当R大于16时,变化可以忽略不计。因此不同抽取率的系统可以用同样的补偿FIR滤波器。CIC滤波器在每个积分部分有unity feedback,因此它遭受寄存器溢出之扰。不过只有

    16、满足下面2个条件,溢出没有影响。 the range of the number system is greater than or equal to the maximum value expected at the output, and the filter is implemented with twos complement (nonsaturating) arithmetic. 因为一阶CIC滤波器在0Hz(DC)的增益D = NR , M cascaded CIC decimation filters have a net gain of (NR )M .每一级积分器必须增加NR

    17、 bits width. 插值CIC滤波器在每2个采样值之间插入零,这降低了增益,因子为1/R , 因此插值CIC滤波器的整体增益为(NR )M /R . 因为必须用整数运算,每一级字宽必须要能够容纳这一级的最大信号(full-scale输入乘以增益)。虽然 Mth-order CIC decimation filter 得增益是(NR )M ,individual integrators can experience overflow. (Their gain is infinite at DC.) As such, the use of twos complement arithmetic

    18、 resolves this overflow situation just so long as the integrator word width accommodates the maximum difference between any two successive samples (in other words, the difference causes no more than a single overflow). Using the twos complement binary format, with its modular wrap-around property, t

    19、he follow-on comb filter will properly compute the correct difference between two successive integrator output samples. 对于插值器,字宽在每一级comb滤波器会增加一个bit,因为积分器具有的累积特性,必须避免溢出。因此,必须在每一级comb滤波器增加一个bit的字宽给插值用。也可以不增加字宽而是丢弃每一级comb滤波器的LSB,这样会增加滤波器输出的noise.Compensation filters 在典型的抽取/插值滤波器应用中,我们需要滤波器具有合理的平坦的通带和窄的

    20、过渡带。CIC滤波器自身不能够满足这样的需求,因为它的弯曲的通带增益和宽的过渡带。例如在抽取器中,在CIC滤波器之后级联一个补偿非递归FIR滤波器可以缓解这个问题,如figure 1a所示。Figure 11: Compensation FIR filter responses; with a 1st-order decimation CIC filter; with a 3rd-order decimation Figure 11a: 简单的3-tap FIR滤波器 -1/16, 9/8, -1/16. 来补偿1st-order R = 8 CIC filter。Figure 11b:15-

    21、tap compensation FIR filter having the coefficients -1, 4, -16, 32, -64, 136, -352, 1312, -352, 136, -64, 32, -16, 4, -1来补偿 3rd-order R = 8 CIC filter. Those dashed curves in Figure 11 represent the frequency magnitude responses of compensating FIR filters within which no sample-rate change takes pl

    22、ace. (The FIR filters input and output sample rates are equal to the s ,out output rate of the decimating CIC filter.) If a compensating FIR filter were designed to provide an additional decimation by two, its frequency magnitude response would look similar to that in Figure 12, where s ,in is the c

    23、ompensation filters input sample rate.Figure 12: Frequency magnitude response of a decimate-by-2 compensation FIR filter Advanced techniques 下图与figure 9a相同,下面是下图中两种方式的matlab实现% For decimation, having the CIC filtering before taking every other sample D = 2; % decimation factor % delay buffer depth %

    24、 init y6n = ;y6n = y6n intOut;y6n = y6n(1:D:end); % taking every other sample decimation % For efficient hardware implementation of the CIC filter, having the % integrator section first, decimate, then the comb stage % Gain : Reduced the delay buffer depth of comb section from N to N/D delayBuffer = zeros(1,N/D); % input y7n = ; % output if mod(ii,2)=1 y7n = y7n combOut;err67 = y6n y7n;err67dB = 10*log10(err67*err67/length(err67)下图跟figure 9b相同,下面是下图2中形式的matlab实现% For interpolation, insert the zeros followe


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