1、We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。（2） 涉及time的几个从属连词：every time（每次），each time（每次），（the） next time（下次），any time（随时），the last time（上次），the first time（第一次）。Every time I see her Ill think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。He felt nervous each time she
2、spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。He didnt tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。2. 时间状语从句与及其主句的时态关于这个问题有两点值得注意：（1） 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。（2） 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：He has l
3、ived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?注：在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一现在时：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。三、条件状语从句1. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要的有if, unles
4、s, as so long as等：You can leave now if you like. 如果你愿意现在就可以走了。As long as it doesnt rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。除以上基本的引导条件状语从句的从属连词外，还有的动词尤其是其分词形式（如suppose, supposing, provided, providing等）和介词短语（如in case, on condition that等）也可用作连词表示条件：If case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记，请提醒我一下。I will
5、come on condition （that） she is invited too. 如果邀请她来, 那我就来。He may go with us provided providing he arrives in time. 他若及时到，就可以和我们一起走。Suppose 和supposing 引导条件状语从句时，通常用于主句为疑问句的场合：Suppose the boss saw you，what would he say? 如果老板看到你，他会怎样说?Supposing he does not come, shall we go without him? 他若不来，是不是不带他去?2.
6、 条件状语从句的时态当主句为将来时态或具有将来意时，条件状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：In case he comes, let me know. 如果他来，告诉我一声。Ill stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 要是明天下雨，我就呆在家里。有时也可见到 if you will 这样的说法，但那不是将来时态，而是表示意愿或委婉的请求（此处的 will是情态动词）：If you will wait for a moment, Ill go and tell the manager that you are here. 请等一下，
7、我去告诉经理说你来了。四、目的状语从句1. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等：Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 讲清楚些，以便他们能理解你。He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考试及格。Shut the window for fear that it may rain. 把窗子关上以防下雨。so that 引导目的状语从句时有时可省略so而只用that，有时也可
8、只用so：Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些，使我能看得清楚些。Ill show you so you can see how its done. 我将做给你看，以便你知道应怎样干。2. 目的状语从句与状语短语的转换为了简洁起见，当目的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时，目的状语从句有时可用表目的的不定式短语替换：He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. / He got up early so as to catch the early bus. 他起床很早以便赶上早班
9、车。He came in quietly in order that he shouldnt wake his wife. / He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。有时还可与表示目的的介词短语替换：He left an hour early for fear he might miss the train. / He left an hour early for fear of missing the train. 他提前一小时离开，以免错过火车。3. in case的用法说明in case既可引导目
10、的状语从句，也可引导条件状语从句，主要视句意而定：Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。in case引导目的状语从句，从句有时可用“should+动词原形”这样的形式：Take your coat in case it rains （should rain）. 带着雨衣以防下雨。五、结果状语从句1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要的有so that, sothat, suchthat等：He studied hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习用功，所以考试通过了。He was so angry
11、 that he couldnt speak. 他气得话都说不出来。He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗子用力很大，结果玻璃震破了。sothat和suchthat中的that有时（尤其在口语中）可省略：I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我很忙，连写信的时间都没有。There was such a lot of rain （that） we couldnt go out. 雨那么大，我们没法出去。2. sothat与suchthat的用法比较从用法上看，
12、so后应接形容词或副词，而such后接名词（参见以上例句）。但有时“so+形容词”后还可接一个名词，且这个名词总是带不定冠词的单数可数名词（不能是复数名词或不可数名词）：正：He is so clever a child that we all like him. 这小孩很聪明，我们都喜欢他。They are such clever children that we all like them. 这些孩子很聪明，我们都很喜欢。误：They are so clever children that we all like them.此时的sothat结构可与suchthat结构转换：Its suc
13、h an interesting film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。Its so interesting a film that we all want to see it. 这电影很有趣，我们都想看。在much, many, little, few 这四个词前总是用so而不用such：He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了许多跤，结果全身都是伤。He earns so little money that he can hardly feed his f
14、amily. 他赚的钱很少几乎不能养家糊口。3. 结果状语从句与不定式短语的转换由so that和sothat引导的结果状语从句有时可与表结果的so as to和soas to引出的不定式短语转换：He arrived late so that he missed the train. / He arrived late so as to miss the train. 他到得很迟，结果未赶上火车。He wrote so carefully that he made no mistakes. / He wrote so carefully as to make no mistakes. 他写得
15、很仔细，所以没有出错。4. so that引导目状语和结果状语的区别（1）含义上的区别：引导目的状语从句时表示的是一种意欲或可能性，引导结果从句时表示的是一种事实。（2） 形式上的区别：引导目的从句之前不用逗号（说话时也不停顿），而结果从句之前则通常有逗号（说话时常有停顿）；有时引导结果状语从句时其前也可以没有逗号，此时可看从句中是否有 can中/ could, may / might, will /would 以及should等情态动词，如果没有，则多半是结果从句。比较：Weve come early so that the meeting can begin promptly. 我们来得很
16、早，以便可以马上开会。（so that 引导目的状语从句）We are all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了，终于能开会了。 （so that 引导结果状语从句）I am going to the lecture early so that Ill get a good seat. 我想早点去听演讲，以便找个好座位。I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去听演讲去得很早，所以找个好座位。（so that 引导结果状语从句）另外，so t
17、hat引导目的从句时有时可放在主句之前，而引导结果从句时却不能：So that he could buy a new car, he saved a lot of money. 他节省了一大笔钱，以便能买辆新车。（引导目的状语从句）So that I could hardly stand, I was tired.（引导结果状语从句不能置于句首，可改为I was tired so that I could hardly stand. 我很累，几乎站不稳了。）5. sothat和suchthat有时不引导结果状语句sothat和suchthat可以引导结果状语从句，但并不是说它们引导的从句就一定
18、是结果状语。请看以下句子：Im so happy that you could visit us. 我很高兴你能来看望我们。（其中的so用于加强语气，相当于very）Its such a great pleasure that you are here. 你在这里是非常令人高兴的事。（其中的that引导的是主语从句，句首的it为形式主语）六、原因状语从句1. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要的有because, as, since, seeing （that）, now （that）, considering （that）等：He cant have gone out because the l
19、ights on. 他不可能出去了，因为灯还亮着。Since As weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我们没钱，我们无法购买它。Seeing that its raining，wed better stay indoors. 既然外边在下雨，我们最好待在室内。Now that you are here, youd better stay. 你既然来了，最好还是留下吧（既来之，则安之）。除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导原因状语从句的从属连词外，when有时也可引导原因状语从句（when表示“既然”）：I cant tell you when you wont lis
20、ten. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。2. 关于notbecause结构该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。不过若because之前有just修饰，一般认为not 是否定从句的：You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不要因为有人说你坏话而
21、生气。3. because习惯上不与so连用汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用：因为下雨，所以我们呆在家里。Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.Because it was raining, so we stayed at home.4. because 从句与 because of短语的转换Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换：He cant come because he is ill. /
22、 He cant come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我对此事只字未提。七、让步状语从句1. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要的有although, though, even though, even if等：Although he is poor, hes still happy. 虽然他很穷，他仍然很快乐。I will
23、 try it, though I may fail. 即使我可能失败, 我也要试一下。Well go even if it rains. 即使下雨我们也要去。除以上提到的大家比较熟悉的引导让步状语从句外，还应注意以下情况：（1） 用when 和while引导让步状语从句。不要认为when和while只引导时间状语从句，其实它们也可引导让步状语从句，意思是“尽管”或“虽然”：She stopped when she ought to have continued. 尽管她应该继续下去，她却停住了。While I understand what you say, I cant agree wit
24、h you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。（2） 用whetheror引导让步状语从句：Ill do it whether you like it or not. 不管你是否喜欢，我都要做。Whether we help him or not, he will fail. 不论我们帮助他与否, 他都将失败。（3） 用whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引导让步状语从句：He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候
25、来就什么时候来。2. whatever, however 等-ever词用法说明这些词在用法应注意以下几点：（1） 它们均可引导让步状语从句，意为“无论”：Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。Whoever telephones, tell them Im out. 不管是谁打电话，都说我出去了。Whichever day you come, Ill be pleased to see you. 无论你哪天来，我都欢迎。Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。Wherever he
26、 goes, Ill go. 不管他去哪里，我也去。（2） 它们引导让步状语从句时，通常可换成no matter，No matter what you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。No matter when you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来，我们都欢迎。No matter how much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。（3） 注意however的以下种句型： however+主语+谓语：However you travel, itll take you at lea
27、st three days. 不管你怎么走，至少要三天。However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。 however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语：However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略：He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。I refuse, how
28、ever favorable the condition. 不管条件多好，我都不接受。（4） 有时从句谓语可用情态动词：Ill find him, wherever he is may be. 无论他在哪里，我都要找到他。Keep calm, whatever happens may happen. 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。（5） whenever有时可引导时间状语从句，wherever 有时可引导地点状语从句：Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。They teach wherever their pupils are working. 学生在哪里工作，教师们就在哪里上课。其中的whatever, whoever, whichever除引导状语从句，也可引导名词性从句。3. 为什么不能说 （al）thoughbut汉语中可说“虽然但是”，但按英语习惯，通常不能说althoughbut或thoughbut：虽然很危险，但我要试试。Although it is dangerous, but I will try.Although it is dangerous, I will try. / It i
