1、“教授”和“助教”均原为学官称谓。前者始于宋，乃“宗学”“律学”“医学”“武学”等科目的讲授者；而后者则于西晋武帝时代即已设立了，主要协助国子、博士培养生徒。“助教”在古代不仅要作入流的学问，其教书育人的职责也十分明晰。唐代国子学、太学等所设之“助教”一席，也是当朝打眼的学官。至明清两代，只设国子监（国子学）一科的“助教”，其身价不谓显赫，也称得上朝廷要员。至此，无论是“博士”“讲师”，还是“教授”“助教”，其今日教师应具有的基本概念都具有了。 掌握重点词汇的搭配及用法，能够正确完成基础类型题。2. “教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼，从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂，“教书先生”那一
2、行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。掌握重点句型的用法，会模仿句型进行写作和翻译。一般说来，“教师”概念之形成经历了十分漫长的历史。杨士勋（唐初学者，四门博士）春秋谷梁传疏曰：“师者教人以不及，故谓师为师资也”。这儿的“师资”，其实就是先秦而后历代对教师的别称之一。韩非子也有云：“今有不才之子师长教之弗为变”其“师长”当然也指教师。这儿的“师资”和“师长”可称为“教师”概念的雏形，但仍说不上是名副其实的“教师”，因为“教师”必须要有明确的传授知识的对象和本身明确的职责。 重点词组：1. keep your eyes open 睁大你的眼睛 2. consist of由组成 3.
3、leave out省去 不考虑 遗漏 4. divide into 分成 5. prepare to 准备 6. compare A with B 与比 7. compare A to B 把A比作B 8. asked the boss on the phone 通过电话 9. work out 做出；解决；设计出；计算出；锻炼；发展，进行；work on对.起作用；企图影响或说服，忙于 work in 在工作 work off 渐渐消除 处理 排除 卖掉 发泄 10. a furnished house with all modern conveniences 一个带家具的房子有所有的现代方
4、便的设施 11. familiar with熟悉 12. worried about the time available担心时间不够13. make a list of 列出关于的清单 14. on special occasions 在特殊的场合 15. the four-hundred-year-old uniform 有四百年历史的制服 16. set the world time设置世界时间 17. on either side of the line 在线的两端 18. fall asleep入睡 19. with delight 十分喜悦的词句精讲1. consist vi.由.
5、组成, 在于, 一致 consist of=be made up of 由组成;由构成典例 1） Substances consist of small particles called molecules. 物质是由叫做分子的微粒组成的。2） True charity doesnt consist in almsgiving. 真正的慈善不在于施舍。 练习 翻译:1） 这支球队由12人组成。2） 这位艺术家的风格上的美在于它的简朴。Keys: 1） the team consists of 12 players. 2）The beauty of the artists style consi
6、sts in its simplicity.2. 区别: separate . from （把联合在一起或靠近的人或物分离出来） divide.into 把分开 （把整体分为若干部分）e.g. The teacher divided the class into two groups.e.g. The Taiwan Strait separates Taiwan from Fujian.3. debate about sth.e.g. They debate about the proposal for three days. debate/argue/discuss/quarrel辩论,争论
7、【解析】debate就已经确定或统一的问题,各述己见,公开,正式的争论.含交锋的意思；argue指提出理由或事实，试图在争辩中说服对方，或促使他人拥护自己倡导的理由或观点；discuss指一般讨论,谈论；quarrel常指因琐事而感到气愤,进行争吵【练习】选择debate/argue/discuss/quarrel或puzzle并用其适当的形式填空1）The couple are always _quarreling about the past.2）Have you _ the problem with anyone?3）I _ with her all day about the situ
8、ation. 1）quarreling 2）discussed 3）argued4. clarify: vt./vi. （cause sth. to ）become clear or easier to understand 澄清；阐明;清楚；明了e.g. I hope what I say will clarify the situation.e.g. Can you clarify the question?5. be linked to = be connected to /be joined to 连接【习惯用语】 link A to B 将A和B连接起来6. refer to 1）提
9、及，指的是 e.g. When he said “some students”, do you think he was referring to us?2） 参考；查阅；询问 e.g. If you dont understand a word you may refer to your dictionaries.e.g. Please refer to the last page of the book for answers. 3） 关系到；关乎 e.g. What I have to say refers to all of you.e.g. This rule refers to e
10、veryone. reference: n. 参考 e.g. reference books 参考书7. to ones surprise （prep） “to ones + 名词” 表 “令某人”，常见的名词有 “delight, disappointment, enjoyment, astonishment 等。e.g. I discovered, to my horror, that the goods were entirely unfit for sale. To Johns great relief they reached the house at last.8. . found
11、 themselves united peacefully “find +宾语宾补（ adj; adv; v-ing; pp; 介词短语；不定式）”e.g. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen.e.g. Youll find him easy to get along with. e.g. They found themselves trapped by the bush fire.e.g. When I woke up, I found myself in hospital.e.g. I
12、 called on him yesterday, but I found him out.9. leave out省去,遗漏典例 1） You have left out the most important word in this sentence. 你在这一句中遗漏了最重要的一个单词。2） Dont leave me out when you invite people to your party. 当你邀请人们去参加晚会时，别把我漏掉了。重点用法 leave for 动身到（某处） leave alone不管;撇下一个人leave aside搁置 leave behind遗忘;遗留练
13、习 请填人适当的介词或副词：1） They were left _ in the wilderness. 2） He was asked to make up the information left _ by the leader. 1） alone 2） out10. break down损坏，跨，压倒，分解典例 1） The bridge broke down. 桥塌了。2） The engine broke down. 发动机坏了。3） He has broken down from overwork. 他因工作过度而累垮了。4） Water can be broken down in
14、to hydrogen and oxygen. 水可以分解为氢和氧。5） The plan to build another chemical work has broken down because it will cause serious pollution. 再建一个化工厂的计划失败了，因为这将引起严重的污染。词汇激活 break away from摆脱，脱离 break in闯入；插话 break into闯入；破门而人；打断（谈话）break off中止；折断；打折 break out爆发；突然发生 break through突破；冲垮break up分解；（使）结束;分开,分离1
15、）To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it _ into pieces.2） The elevator broke _.3） Fighting broke_ in the prison cells.4）Fire broke _during the night. 5） On the way to the prison house, the prisoners suddenly broke _ from the policeman. 1） down 2） down 3） out 4） out 5） away11. ta
16、ke the place of代替,取代典例 1） In the future, natural gas will take the place of petrol as the major fuel.将来天然气会代替汽油成为主要的能源。2） Ill take the place of Mr. Lin next week. =Ill take Mr. Lins place next week. 下周我将代替林老师。重点用法 take place发生；举行 take ones place就位；代替某人in place of （= instead of）代替 in place在适当的位置out o
17、f place不得其所，不适当地 in the first place首先 from place to place到处；各处练习 选择以上短语填空1） A sudden accident _ in the street last evening. 2）She likes everything _ before she starts to work. She hates a mess. 1）took place 2）in place12. influence 1） v. 对产生影响 e.g. What influence you to choose a career in teaching?2）
18、可数n. 产生影响的人或事 e.g. He is one of the good influences in the school. 3） （不可数n.） 影响 e.g. A teacher has great influence over his pupils. 13. There is no need to debate any more about why different words are used to describe the four countries. 没有必要去争论为什么要用不同的词去描述这四个国家。解释 There is no need to do没有必要做某事The
19、re is no doubt that 是毫无疑问的练习 翻译1） 我们有必要再去那一趟吗?2） 没必要给他写封信告知这个消息. 1） Is there any need for us to go there again?2） There is no need to write to him and inform him the news.14. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London. 这似乎是一件怪事:这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过
20、，而且在伦敦去世.解释 It is/seems/that 从句用虚拟语气，由“should+v.原形”构成典例 1） It is strange that my mother should agree with me.真奇怪我妈妈竟然答应了我。2） It was strange that my mother should have agreed with me. 真奇怪我妈妈竟然答应了我。1）真奇怪,他竟然考试不及格.2）似乎很奇怪，他能够通过触摸判断花的种类。Key: 1） Its strange that he should fail the exam. 2） It seemed stra
21、nge that he could tell the different kinds of flower by touching.1. The lecture given by the professor _ the students attention.A. paid B. attracted C. pushed D. used2. Its said that the team _ twelve top European players.A. consists of B. is consisted of C. made up of D. make up of3. The teacher st
22、ressed again that the students should not _ any important details while retelling a story.A. bring out B. let out C. leave out D. make out4. The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _his notes.A. bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on5. He hasnt slept a
23、t all for three days. _he is tired out.A. There is no point B. There is no need C. It is no wonder D. It is no way基础演练一、用适当的介、副词填空。1. How many countries does the UK consist _?2. Wales was linked _ it in the thirteenth century.3. Next England and Wales were joined _ Scotland _ the seventeenth century
24、 and the name was changed _ “Great Britain”. 4. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom _ getting Ireland connected _ the same peaceful way.5. _ their credit the four countries do work together _ some areas, but they still have very different in
25、stitutions.6. _ example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams _ competitions _ the World Cup!7. England is the largest _ the four countries, and _ convenience it is divided roughly _ three zones.8. _ historical archit
26、ecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built _ the Romans.9. The greatest historical treasure _ all is London _ its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings.10. If you look _ the British countryside you will find evidence _ all these invaders.巩固提高.佳句翻译与仿写1. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.翻译：_ _仿写：他发现这个地方发生了巨变。_
