1、电推进EMSErosion Measuring System腐蚀测量系统FFP Firm Fixed Price固定总价FMEAFailure Mode and Effects Analysis失效模式与影响分析FSOFull Scale Output全量程输出GIEGridded Ion Engine栅极离子发动机HETHall Effect Thruster霍尔效应推进器HWHardware硬件I/F,IFInterFace接口IRInfra Red红外线LIPLanzhou Institute of Physics510所MAIManufacturing,Assembly, Integr
2、ation制造，部装，集成NDANon-Disclosure Agreement保密协议QMQualification Model鉴定样机RPARetarding Potential Analyzer减速电势分析仪SWSoftware软件TBCTo Be Confirmed/To be Clarified留待确定TBDTo be Determined/Defined留待决定TCThermoCouple热电偶VDCVolt Direct Current直流电压2 Introduction 简介The present section describes the tele-microscopy an
3、d erosion facility implemented in Alta IV-4 facility.本章将介绍Alta IV-4设备所采用的远程显微镜和腐蚀测量设备。2.1 Tele-microscopy System for Gridded Ion Engines 栅极离子发动机远程显微镜系统Alta provides an innovative diagnostics to measure the erosion of the grid holes in Gridded Ion Engines （GIE）.Alta为栅极离子发动机网格空腐蚀情况的测量形成了一种新型的诊断方法。The
4、Telemicroscopy diagnostic system consists of a special camera mounted on a movable structure placed inside the vacuum facility. The system is maintained in a parking position while the thruster is firing （Figure 1 - bottom）, so that it does not interfere with the plasma plume. When the thruster stop
5、s firing, the Telemicroscopy system is moved in front of the thruster to perform the erosion measurement. Four led lights or a laser line beam illuminate the thruster during the image acquisition. The motion of the diagnostic system is obtained through two separate stepper motors one governing the a
6、rm rotation, the other controlling the arm translation. 远程显微诊断系统为一个专用相机固定于可移动结构上，并放置于真空设备内部。推进器点火时，该系统保持在一个固定位置（图1底部），因此不会接触到等离子羽流。推进器关闭后，远程显微镜系统移动到推进器前方对腐蚀情况进行测量。图像采集时有四盏LED灯或激光线束为推进器照明。诊断系统的移动由两个分开的步进电机控制，一个控制臂的旋转，一个控制臂的移动。Figure 1 Diagnostic system for GIE erosion measurement: front view （top）, S
7、ystem placed in a parking position when the thruster is firing （bottom）图1 用于GIE腐蚀测量的诊断系统，正面图（上图），推进器点火时系统处于固定位置（下图）The system consists of a supporting structure and of an inspection optical head. The supporting structure includes the following main subsystems: 系统由一个支持结构和一个光学探头组成。支持结构主要由以下分系统够成： Tran
8、slation stage移动台 Rotation stage旋转臂 Sustaining arm支撑臂 Protective box保护箱The optical head consists of a long working distance objective with the following characteristics: 光学探头具有长工作距离物镜，其特性如下:Parameter参数Unit单位Value数值Field of view视场mm5.33Resolution分辨率0.005Depth of Field景深0.408Working Distance工作距离175The
9、measurement system allows the inspection of the acceleration grid （measurement of the hole diameter variation across a diameter of the grid）. 系统也可进行加速极检测（通过一个网格的直径测量孔径的差异）。GIE diameter range GIE直径范围50300Image resolution图像分辨率m55.3Measurement type测量种类-Hole diameter孔径Grid deformation网格变形Working distanc
10、e工作距离The Tele-microscopy system has been designed with the aim of performing successive erosion measurements during GIE tests with no need of re-opening the vacuum chamber. This greatly reduces the risk of contamination and saves a considerable amount of time if multiple measurements are to be taken
11、 along an endurance test. The remarkable advantage of performing a series of successive measurements lies in the opportunity of recording not only the total erosion after a certain number of firing hours, but also a time-history of the erosion （thus providing information about how the erosion rate v
12、aries in time）.远程显微系统的设计可在GIE测试时进行连续腐蚀测量，而无须再次打开真空灌，这大大减小了污染的风险，并且为耐久试验的多次测量节省了大量的时间。连续测量的最大优势不仅可以记录工作数小时后的整体腐蚀情况，也可以记录随时间变化的腐蚀情况（因此可以了解随时间变化的腐蚀速率）。Figure 2 Calibration images taken on a brand new grid 图2 全新网格的校准图像 2.2 Infrared-Camera System for HET Temperature Measurement 用于HET温度测量的红外照相机By using an
13、 infrared camera it is possible to monitor the temperature of the thruster assembly during the test. Alta provides an advanced diagnostic system with the infrared camera installed right inside the vacuum chamber in order to have an optimal view of the item whose temperature has to be monitored. Besi
14、des, in this way the camera can be placed closer to the thruster （w.r.t. an infrared camera placed outside the chamber and operating through one of the available viewports）, resulting in a higher spatial resolution of the acquired images. 测试过程中推进器部件的温度可通过红外照相机监测。Alta提供的带有红外照相机的诊断系统科直接安装于真空管内部，以获得被测物
15、体的最佳视图。此外，相机更加靠近推进器，可获得较高的空间分辨率（放置在真空罐外部的红外相机只能通过一个可用视点照射）。The infrared camera has the following characteristics:红外相机具有以下特性：Measuring Range测量范围0-800Error误差2%Temperature Resolution温度分辨率0.08CCD size CCD尺寸384 X 288 pxWavelength Range波长范围8-14 mAs an option, the following more performing camera could be
16、provided:* Sensor : microbolometric NON-cooled 384 x 288 pixels * Spectral range : 814 micron * Measurement Range（s） : 1） 0 - 200 C 2） 150 - 800 3） 200 - 1000 * Temperature resolution: 80 mK （range 1, 30 C, 50Hz） * Field of View （FOV） : 15 x 12* Minimal focal distance: 0.75 m * Target image: about 2
17、80 x 205 mm 1 m distance * Pixel measurement spot: 0.8 mm 1 m distance * Different possible acquisition frequencies :selectable between 50Hz, 25Hz, 12.5Hz,. * Measure uncertainty: 2K（T 100C） or 2% of the measured value in * Repeatability: 1% of the reading * Measuring distance : from 75 cm to “infin
18、ity” * Working temperature : -1050 * Interface: Fast Ethernet （real-time 50Hz max） * 4 I/O digital ports: digital inputs （trigger）, digital output （alarm） * Power Input : 1036Vcc, 5VA * Weight : about 1.6 kg * Dimensions （mm） : 85 x 175 x 107 mm * Protection : IP54以下性能较高的相机作为可选项目提供： 传感器：微测辐射热 非冷却382
19、x288pixels 光谱范围：814 微米 测量范围：1） 0 - 200 2） 150 - 800 3） 200 - 1000 C 温度分变率：C, 50Hz） 视场（FOV）：15 最小焦距： 0.75m 不同采集频率：可选频率50Hz，25Hz，12.5Hz 测量不确定度：所测值的2K（T C）或2%，单位 可重复性：显示的1% 测量距离：75mm到无限远 工作温度：-1050 接口：快速以太网（最大值实时50Hz） 种I/O数字分类：数字输入（触发），数字输出（警报） 电源输入：1036Vcc, 5VA 重量：约1.6kg 外形尺寸（mm）：85 x 175 x 107 mm 保护：
20、IP54In Figure 3 a scheme of the infrared-camera system is displayed. The camera is contained in a sealed box, where atmospheric pressure is maintained （since the camera cannot operate in vacuum）. 图3为红外相机系统示意图，相机处于密封箱内，可保持大气压强（相机不能再真空环境工作）。Figure 3: Infrared-camera diagnostic system图3 红外相机诊断系统The opt
21、ical window of the protecting box is made of germanium, a material which is transparent to wavelengths in the range of interest for infrared measurements （8-14 m）. When the camera is turned off, a shutter （actuated by a stepper motor） protects the germanium window from the sputtered particles that c
22、ould impinge on it. Images acquired with the infrared camera are elaborated via a in-house developed software （a sample screenshot is presented in Figure 4）. 保护箱的光学窗口由锗制成，可透过红外波长测量范围（8-14m）。相机关闭后，步进电机控制的遮光器可保护锗窗，以防溅射颗粒的影响。红外相机采集的图像通过自主研制软件分析（图4是该软件的一个截图）。Figure 4 Software for handling the images acq
23、uired with the infrared camera图4 红外相机图像处理软件The list of components of the system is: 系统组件清单：1） Pressure sensors 压力传感器2） Glass lenses 玻璃镜头3） Stepper Motors 步进电机4） Drivers 驱动器5） Visual camera（s） 可视相机6） IR Camera IR相机7） Structure （adapted to the chosen vacuum facility diameter） 结构（适用所选真空设备直径）8） Sledge,
24、Guides, Bearings, Gears etc. 拖运器，说明书，轴承，传动装置9） Cables and connectors 电缆与连接器10） Feed-throughs 馈入装置11） Electronics 电子仪器12） Control Computer 控制计算机13） Microswitch 微型开关14） Software 软件2.3 Literature overview 文献查阅A list of papers available in literature on the problem of erosion measurement is given below.
25、以下列出的是关于腐蚀测量的参考文献。 M.T. Domonkos,A.D. Gallimore, “Thermographic Investigation of 3.2 mm diameter orificed S. Mazouffre, J. Perez Luna, D. Gawron, P. Echegut, M. Dudeck, “An infrared thermography study on the thermal load experienced by a high power Hall effect thruster”, 29th IEPC, Princeton, NJ, pa
26、per 63 （2005）. R. E. Stevens, M. T. Domonkos, Methodology and Feasibility of In-Situ Erosion M. T. Domonkos, R. E. Stevens, Assessment of Spectroscopic, Real-Time Ion Thruster Grid Erosion-Rate and Exhibit, 2000. E. J. Beiting, “Precision Measurements of Ion-Engine Grids for Erosion Studies” J. E. P
27、olk, J .R. Anderson, J. R. Brophy,V. K. Rawlin, M. J. Patterson, J. Sovey, “In Situ, Time-Resolved 37th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, , 2001 J. Tomaszewski. R. Branam, W. Hargus, “Characterization of a Hall Effect Thruster Using Thermographic Customer requirements 用户需求2
28、.4 Introduction 引文The Lanzhou Institute of Physics aims at the measurement of the grid erosion produced on 1 kW-class ion engines to be placed in a dedicated new vacuum chamber and subjected to long duration tests. Accuracy, easiness of use, and reliability of the system are the key requirements that will be detailed in the next sections.510所旨在测量其专有的新型真空灌内1kW级等离子发动机所产生的栅极腐蚀，并进行长期测试。操作的精确、可靠、简易和系统的可靠是关键要求，详见一下章节。2.5 Detailed customer requirements 客户详
