1、The idea arose because of the _4_behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to _5_of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_what was done in the experiment; _7_something was changed ,productivity rose. A（n）_8_that
2、they were being experimented upon seemed to be _9_to alter workers behavior _10_itself. After several decades, the same data were _11_ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 _the descriptions on record, no systematic _13_ was found that levels of r
3、eproductivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to_ 14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15_ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output _16_ rose compared with the previous Saturda
4、y and_ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before _20 _a plateau and then slackening off. Thi
5、s suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down. 1. A affected B achieved C extracted D restored2. A atBup C with D off3. Atruth Bsight C act D proof4. A controversial B perplexing Cmischievous D ambiguous5. Arequirements Bexplanations C accounts D assessments6. A conclude B matt
6、er C indicate D work7. A as far as B for fear that C in case that D so long so8. A awareness B expectation C sentiment D illusion9. A suitable B excessive C enough D abundant10. A about B for C on D by11. A compared Bshown C subjected D conveyed12. A contrary to B consistent with C parallel with D p
7、ealliar to13. A evidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14. A disputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15. A In contrast B For example C In consequence D As usual16. A duly Baccidentally C unpredictably D suddenly 17. Afailed Bceased Cstarted Dcontinued 20. Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhit
8、ting Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points） Text 1 Text 2 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.
9、 A received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been con
10、troversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “
11、a very big deal”, says DennisD. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 deci
12、sion in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later,
13、 move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis f
14、or granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issu
15、ed an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling. The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent d
16、ecisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supre
17、me court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D
18、 the controversy over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its rulling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit D It may change the legal practices in the U.S. 28. The word “about-f
19、ace” （Line 1, Paro 3） most probably means A loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are often unnecessarily issued C lower the esteem for patent h
20、olders D increase the incidence of risks 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing trend against business-method patents Tex
21、t 3 In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesnt explain
22、how ideas actually spread. The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow
23、because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attentio
24、n. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they dont seem to
25、be required of all. The researchers argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence even the most influential members of a population simply
26、dont interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then inf
27、lucence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example fro
28、m the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipul
29、ating a number of variables relating to peoples ability to influence others and their tendence to be. 31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to Aanalyze the consequences of social epidemics Bdiscuss influentials function in spreading ideas Cexemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics Ddescribe the essential characteristics of influentials. 32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” Aserves as a solution to marketing
