1、Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumula
2、ted over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock（基本词汇的特征）:1）All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2）Stability（相对稳定性） 3）Productivity（多产性）
3、4）Polysemy（多义性） 5）Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:（1）Terminology（术语） （2）Jargon（行话） （3）slang（俚语） （4）Argot（暗语） （5）Dialectal words（方言） （6） Archaisms（古语） （7） Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.（email）Content words/notional words实
4、词（cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently） and functional words/empty words虚词（on, of, and, be, but）Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words （50,000-60,000）, are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. （mainstream of the basic word-sto
5、cks）.Two other features:（1）neutral in style （2）frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.（80% of modern EV）4 Types of loan words: 1） denizens（同化词）: （shirt from skyrta（ON）2） aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciat
6、ion and spelling （kowtow （CH）磕头）3） translation loans（译借词）:按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see （from China）4） semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family（印欧语系） The Eig
7、ht Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.（3）The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.（4）The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:（5
8、）The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.（6）The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages（French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian） etc.（7）The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.（8）The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian（Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic） etc.The Three
9、Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English （450-1100） （vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000）:was I high inflected language.2 Middle English （1150-1500）:retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English （1500-up to now）: in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classi
10、cal languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language（Old English） to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development（词汇的发展模式）:1）creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely
11、toots,affixes and other elements.（最重要方式）2）semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3） borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabu
12、lary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme（词素）:the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph（词素变体）: is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme（词素的分类）（1）Free M
13、orphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. （independent）.（2）Bound Morpheme（粘着语素）: A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: （1） bound root（粘附
14、词根） （2）Affix（词缀）Affixes can be put into two groups:1）Inflectional affixes （屈折词缀）:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2）Derivational affixes（派生词缀）: A） prefix: A prefix comes before words. B）suffix:An adjectiv
15、e suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme（词素） Bound root prefix bound derivational affix suffix inflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a w
16、ord which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II（构词法）1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the fo
17、rmation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation（前缀法）：Its the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1）Negative prefixes（否定前缀）: un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey（not obey）2）Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap（open）3） Pe
18、jorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct（bad behaviour）4） Prefixes of degree or size（程度前缀）：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5） Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nucl
19、ear6）Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary（more than ordinary）7） Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail（one rail）8） Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual（concerning two langu
20、ages）9） Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman（deputy chairman）（2）Suffixation（后缀法）: Its the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems. 1）noun suffixes 2）adjective suffixes 3）Adverb suffixes 4）verb suffixes2.Compounding复合法 （also called composition）Compounding: i
21、s the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写（airmail），hyphenated带连字符（air-conditioning）and open分开写（air force, air raid）Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compoun
22、ds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining
23、 parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法四种形式：1）.Front clippings删节前面 （phone from telephone） 2）.Back clippings删节后面 （dorm from dormitory）3）.Front and back clippings 前后删节（flu from influenza） 4）
24、.Phrase clippings 短语删节（pop from popular music）6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC（for British Broadcasting corporation）（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL（teaching English as a foreign language）7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixatio
