1、考点2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. He opened the door.注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. A. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。The man walked away. （walk不及物动词，意为“走”）He walked the
2、 dog every day. （ walk及物动词，“遛”）B. 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. （listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。）C. 有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。I dont know what to do.I dont know why/how/when to do.第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。第二个句子需要在do后加it.D. think, insist, agree, reply等词，后面可直接跟宾语从句，但跟名词代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词
3、。I think its interesting.What do you think of the film?Ireplied thatI was unable to help them.我回答说我不能帮助他们。He has not yetrepliedto my question.他还没有回答我的问题。Heinsistedthat I （should） apologize to her.他坚持我应该向她道歉。on paying for the meal.他坚持要付饭钱。on immediate payment.他坚持要求对方立即付款。练习1. 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及
4、物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。1. Most birds can fly.（ ）2. The children are flying kites in the park. （ ）3. It happened yesterday.（ ）4. My watch stopped.（ ）5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. （ ）6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）8. She began working as a teache
5、r after she left school.（ ）（ ）9. When did they leave Beijing?10. They left last week.（ ）练习2. 改错：1. He never dreamed of that one day he would become President. 2. What do you think the plan？ 3. He never replied any of my letters.4. Hestaying up to nurse the patient.5. He entered into the classroom qu
6、ietly.6. He will marry with her next month. 考点3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。He lives quite near. （live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指
7、那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。A. 帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying. （is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。He has arrived. （has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。B. 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? （does帮助构成
8、一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。He doesnt have lunch at home. （does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。C. 帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. （are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。The house has been pulled down. （has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。D. 帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.（had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部
9、分。E. 帮助构成倒装句的So much did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.（他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。F. 帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. （他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。1 He did his
10、 homework at seven oclock. （did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。Did he do his homework yesterday? （did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。2 He has had breakfast. （has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。练习3. 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。1. Does （ ） he like （ ） swimming?2. He does （ ） like （ ） swimming.3. Where doe
11、s（ ） he live （ ）?4. He does （ ） some washing after work.5. He has （ ） had （ ） supper already.6. The bridge has（ ） been（ ） built（ ） now.7. I have （ ） been （ ）waiting（ ） for you all day.8. He was （ ） struck （ ） by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情
12、态动词有自己的意义。He can swim across the river. （can的词义为“能够”）You must stay at home. （must词义为“必须”）I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”第2讲 句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。考点1. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性
13、的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。On the desk are some books. Down jumps the boy. Gone are the days. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popul
14、ar. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a fo
15、reign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true.10. There comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes your turn.考点2. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.B. 复合谓语：1 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。Y
16、ou may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He didnt attend the meeting yesterday.2 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点3. 表语
17、表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习2. 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours?3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The speech is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty-one.6.
18、His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.考点4. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。练习3. 画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。1. They planted many trees yesterday. 2. （How many dictionaries do y
19、ou have?） I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.考点5. 宾语补足语宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。练
20、习4. 用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city
21、 what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.考点6. 主补对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.考点7. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词
22、后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。People there are very friendly. （那儿的人们） He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。The next man is a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。The boy
23、under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。I have something to say. （直译：我有要说的话）The boy crying over there is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）练习5. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。1
24、. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more than one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man dow
25、nstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.13. There are many clothes to
26、 be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.考点8. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.（认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语）This material is environmentally friendly.（
27、修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是
28、从小到大先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000. He lives at1120 GreenStreet, London.C. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do. He is
29、 often late.He is always helping others. He often came late.D. 状语按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。1. How about meeting again at six?2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4.
