1、 gain （sth） by ones own ability, efforts or behaviouradapt sth （for sth） make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sthadequateadj. satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficientadjacenthaving a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or followingadjust put （sth） into the
2、correct order or position; arrangeadministratev. to administeradult grown to full size or strengthadvocatev. speak publicly in favour of （sth）; recommend; supportaffect have an influence on （sb/sth）; produce an effect onaggregate sb （fml ） be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amountaid h
3、elpalbeitconj althoughallocatev. sth allot or assign sth （to sb/sth） for a special purposealter become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etcalternative available in place of sth else; otherambiguous having more than one possible meaningamend correct an error in （sth）; make minor
4、 improvements in; change slightlyanalogy partial similarity between two things that are comparedanalyse separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structureannual happening every yearanticipate expectapparent clearly seen or understood; obviousappendv. sth （fml ） attach or add sth （esp
5、in writing）appreciate understand and enjoy （sth）; value highlyapproach come near or nearer to in space or timeappropriate adj. suitable; right and properapproximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely soarbitrary based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reasonarea extent or measureme
6、nt of a surfaceaspect particular part or feature of sth being consideredassemble come together; collectassess sth decide or fix the amount of sthassign sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be usedassist in/with sth; （sb） in doing sth （fml ） helpassume accept as true
7、 before there is proofassure tell （sb） positively or confidentlyattach sth fasten or join sth （to sth）attain succeed in getting （sth）; achieveattitude way of thinking or behavingattributev. sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sthauthor writer of a book, play, etcaut
8、hority power to give orders and make others obeyautomatev. cause to operate by automationavailable that can be used or obtainedaware of sb/sth; that. having knowledge or realization of sb/sthbehalfn. on behalf of sb/on sbs behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sbs behalf as the representative of or spokesma
9、n for sb; in the interest of sbbenefit profit; gain; future good （used esp with the vs and preps shown）bias opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries; predisposition; prejudicebond written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenantbrief
10、 lasting only a short time; shortbulk size, quantity or volume, esp when greatcapable having ability; able; competentcapacity ability to hold or contain sthcategoryn. class or group of things in a complete system of groupingcease come or bring （sth） to an end; stopchallenge （to do sth） invitation or
11、 call （to sb） to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etcchannel sunken bed of a river, stream or canalchapter （usu numbered） division of a bookchart detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etcchemical
12、of or relating to chemistrycircumstance condition or fact connected with an event or actioncitequote; commendcivil of or relating to the citizens of a countryclarify （cause sth to） become clear or easier to understandclassic having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value
13、 and importanceclause group of words that includes a subject1（4a） and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentencecode （system of） words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoherentadj. connected logically or co
14、nsistent; easy to understand; clearcoincidev. （of events） occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecollapse fall down or in suddenlycolleaguen. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or businesscommencev. begin （sth）; startcomment written or spoken remark giving a
15、n opinion on, explaining or criticizing （an event, a person, a situation, etc）commission action, task or piece of work given to sb to docommit do （sth illegal, wrong or foolish）commodity thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the homecommunicate sth make sth known; convey sthcommunity the com
16、munity the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a wholecompatibleadj. （of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc） suited; that can exist togethercompensate v. for sth give （sb） sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury,etc; compile sth （for/fro
17、m sth） collect （information） and arrange it in a book, list, report, etccomplement thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it completecomplexadj. made up of （usu several） closely connected partscomponentn. any of the parts of which sth is madecompoundn. thing made up of two or more
18、separate things combined togethercomprehensive adj. that includes everythingcomprisev. have as parts or members; be made up ofcomputev. sth calculate sth with a computerconceive become pregnantconcentrate （sth） （on sth/doing sth） focus （ones attention, effort, etc） exclusively and intensely on sth,
19、not thinking about other less important thingsconceptn. idea underlying sth; general notionconclude （with sth） （usu fml ） come or bring （sth） to an endconcurrentadj. existing, happening or done at the same timeconduct persons behaviourconfer （with sb） （on/about sth） have discussions （esp in order to
20、 exchange opinions or get advice）confine sb/sth keep （a person or an animal） in a restricted spaceconfirm provide evidence for the truth or correctness of （a report, an opinion, etc）; establish the truth ofconflict struggle; fightconform keep to or comply with （generally accepted rules, standards, e
21、tc）consentv. give agreement or permissionconsequentadj. （fml ） following sth as a result or an effectconsiderableadj. great in amount or sizeconsistv. （phr v） consist of sth be composed or made up of sthconstant going on all the time; happening again and againconstitute （fml ） make up or form （a who
22、le）; be the components ofconstrainv. make （sb） do sth by strong （moral） persuasion or by forceconstruct build （sth）; put or fit together; formconsult sb/sth go to （a person, book, etc） for information, advice, etcconsume use （sth） upcontact state of touching （used esp with the vs shown）contemporary
23、of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same timecontextwritings preceding and following passage quotedcontractn. （for sth/to do sth） legally binding agreement, usu in writingcontradict say sth that conflicts with by （sb）, suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the t
24、ruthcontraryadj. opposite in nature, tendency or directioncontrastv. A and/with B compare so that differences are made clearcontribute （to/towards sth） give ones share of （money, help, advice, etc） to help a joint causecontroversy n. public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagreewithconvene summon to come together; arrange （a meeting, etc）conversev. （about sth）; （together） （fml ） talkconve
