1、Never before have I seen such a moving film.I have never seen such a moving film before.Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake.Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.3）虚拟语气中，省略if的句子，可将were, had或sho
2、uld放于句首，构成倒装句。If it should be fine tomorrow, we would go swimming.Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go swimming.4）以下六个重要的固定句型常用倒装形式：.sobe/have/助动词/情态动词/主语，表示“也是如此”。They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.注意：如果句意不是“也是如此”，而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和（此时的soindeed），那么，句子则不可使用倒装式。例如：He said
3、he would help us, and so he did.他说他要帮助我们，他的确这么做了。A: It is hot. A：天真热。B: So it is. B：的确如此。 He is lazy. A：他真懒。 So is she. B：她也一样。.neither（或nor）be/have/助动词/情态动词主语，表示“也不这样”。Lily cant ride; neither（或nor） can Lucy.soadj./adv. that.“如此，以至于”。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself u
4、nderstood.neither., nor.“不，也不”。由于neither和nor都是否定词，所以其前后句均需倒装。Neither has he called on her, nor will he do so.not only., but also.“不仅而且”。Not only will the help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.not until.“直到才”。Not until he returned did
5、 we have supper.（3）形式倒装形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是：只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多，但有三个重要的句型需要特别留意：1）感叹句What an interesting talk they have!How interesting their talk was!2）the more.the more.句型The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.The harder you work, the greater progress youll make.注意：此句型中的第一个t
6、he more引导的相当于一个条件状语从句，第二个the more引导的相当于一个主句。所以，上面例句的意思实质上就是If you work harder, you will make greater progress.3）whatever; howeveradj./adv.引导让步状语从句的句型。Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.注意：whatever的后面也可以接名词，若有many或m
7、uch修饰，则必须把whatever换成however。试比较：Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.无论你有什么理由，你都应当遵守诺言。However many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them.无论你遇到多少困难，你都应当设法克服。however可以改写成no matter how而意义不变。如上句便可改成：No matter how many difficulties you meet with, you should
8、try to overcome them.4）as引导的让步状语从句中，必须把所强调的信息放在句首；though引导的让步状语从句中也可以这样倒装。2强调句近年来NMET考查了Itbe.that（who）.这一强调结构，这种强调结构用来突出强调句子的某一部分。该结构中的it叫强调it（the Emphatic it），无词汇意义，只用于改变句子结构，使某一部分得以强调。要正确使用这一结构应注意以下十个方面的问题。（1）这种强调结构，除不能强调动词外，其它成分，如主语、宾语、宾补、状语都可以强调。例：It is the honey bee that has most interested sci
9、entists because of the language.（强调主语）It was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started.（强调状语）（2）被强调部分指人时用that, who均可，指事物或情况时用that（被强调的是时间或地点状语不用when, where）。It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.It was at the Olympics last year that Liu Xiang got the hurdl
10、emedal.（3）被强调的代词的所有格应与原句一致；被强调的部分如果是原句的主语，who（that）后的谓语在人称和数上应与原句的主语一致。It is Zhang Ziyi that（who） stars the film Heroes.是章子怡主演的英雄这部影片。It is him that I want to kill.（4）如果强调双宾语中的一个，不论是直接宾语还是间接宾语，根据动词的搭配关系，要加上一个介词to或for。Mr Green gave Mary a birthday present.It was Mary that Mr Green gave a birthday pre
11、sent to.It was a birthday present that Mr Green gave to Mary.（5）如果原句是一般疑问句，强调结构用“Beit.that（who）.？”形式；如果原句是特殊疑问句，则用“特殊疑问词beit.that（who）.？”形式。Is it at the end of 2001 that China joined WTO?是2001年底前中国加入了世贸组织吗？When was it that the Chinese football team won?是何时中国足球队获胜的？（6）如果原句中含有“not.until”，在强调时间状语时，将主句中
12、的否定词not连同状语一起提前。It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（7）强调结构中的谓语动词，除用be外，还可用might be或must have been。It might be tomorrow that she will come.It must have been an actor that came yesterday.（8）强调结构不仅可独立成句，也可用在从句中。He told me that it is reforms that br
13、ing about a complete change in China.他告诉我是改革使中国有了翻天覆地的变化。（9）被强调句子可能较长或有一个以上的强调成分。对此就应注意识别应用。It was not the fish but the vegetable, which grows only in Sichuan, that made the hot dish sour and aromatic.（Beijing Weekend）It was she who was lying in the corridor and the stranger who bent over her.是她躺在过道
14、上，是那个陌生人俯视她。（此句有两个被强调部分：一个是she，一个是the stranger。）（10）强调结构中的时态一般应一致。It was my two sisters who knew her best.（都用过去时）It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.（都用将来时）对此受责难的将不是你。3祈使句（1）祈使句一般不出现主语you，例如：Never come late.Please dont forget to take your medicine.Do come on time this evening
15、.Do be careful！千万要小心！（2）带主语的祈使句为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时，需加主语“you”，有时还可同时加呼语。Tom, you water the flowers!（3）特别注意“祈使句and/then/or陈述句”这一句型。4感叹句（1）Whata/an形容词单数可数名词主语谓语What a clever boy he is!当名词为不可数名词（weather, advice, news, progress, information, fun等）时，应去掉冠词a或an。What fine weather we are having today!（2）Wha
16、t形容词复数名词主语谓语What beautiful flowers these are!（3）How形容词/副词主语谓语How high the mountain is!How fast he is running!（4）How形容词a/an单数可数名词主语谓语How difficult a problem it is!有时how直接修饰谓语动词： How主语谓语How we love our motherland!5反意疑问句反意疑问句的一般应用规则是：前面陈述部分如果用肯定形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用否定形式；前面陈述部分如果是否定形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用肯定形式。但在实际运用中，只
17、知道一般的应用规则还不足以解决所有的问题，以下几种特殊情况应特别注意：（1）当陈述部分的主语是“I dont think（suppose, believe）that从句”结构时，疑问部分的主语和谓语需和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上一致，并且还要用肯定形式。I dont think he can finish the work, can he?I dont believe she knows it, does she?但：You dont think he can finish the work, do you?（2）当陈述部分有情态动词must时，常用的有四种情况：1）must表示“必须”、
18、“禁止”等时，疑问部分用must（mustnt）。I must answer the letter, mustnt I?You mustnt walk on grass, must you?2）must表示“有必要”时，附加疑问部分则用neednt。You must go home right now, neednt you?3）当must用来对现在的情况进行“推测”时，疑问部分的谓语要根据must之后的动词采用相应的形式。You must be tired, arent you?He must be studying in the classroom, isnt he?4）must可表示对过
19、去的情况进行“推测”（musthave过去分词），若强调对过去情况的推测（一般有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“过去的助动词主语”；若强调动作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），疑问部分的谓语动词用“havent （hasnt）主语”。He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?You must have seen the film, havent you?（3）当陈述部分有have to, has to或had to时，疑问部分一般用do的相应形式。We have to get up at four tomorrow, dont we?They had
20、 to leave early, didnt they?（4）当陈述部分有seldom, hardly, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分要用肯定形式。She hardly knows French, does she?Few people know him, do they?Nobody can answer the question, can they?（5）当陈述部分的谓语是带有否定词缀（前缀或后缀）的动词时，疑问部分仍用否定结构。He is unfit for his office, isnt
21、 he?They disliked playing football, didnt they?（6）当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish等时，疑问部分的谓语动词用may，而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。I wish to go home now, may I?（7）当陈述部分为祈使句时，应注意：1）如果祈使句为肯定式，疑问部分用肯定式或否定式均可。否定形式在语气上更委婉客气。Pass me the book, will you/wont you?Stop talking, will you?2）如果祈使句为否定式，疑问部分只能用肯定式。Dont speak aloud any more, wi
22、ll you?Dont be careless, will you?3）祈使句若是以let开头的句子，表示“建议”（包括说话人和听话人双方）时，疑问部分用shall we；表示“请示”（不包括听话人）时，疑问部分用will you。Lets go home now, shall we?Let us help you, will you?（8）陈述部分用neither.nor, not only.but also等连接主语时，疑问部分的主语应用复数。Neither you nor I can do it, can we?（9）陈述部分是并列句时，疑问部分常对后一个句子进行反问。He is a t
23、eacher and he has taught English for fifteen years, hasnt he?（10）陈述部分是复合句时，疑问部分常对主句进行反问。She didnt live in Hangzhou when she was young, did she?He said that Mary had joined the League, didnt he?（11）复合特殊疑问句复合的特殊疑问句，常用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见。常由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构揉合而成。在此结构中，特殊疑问句可以看作是一般疑问句结构中的宾语，因此这种特殊疑问句要用陈述语序。Who
24、 do you think will win the game?你认为谁会赢这场比赛？How much did you say the pen was?你刚才说这支笔值多少钱？Whom do you think he is looking after?你认为他正在照料谁？在对别人的话作出反应时，有时出现下面这类问句（疑问代词放在后面）。Ill pay for it.我来付钱。You will pay what？你要干什么？6省略句为避免重复，或为了简练，句子中常常省略某一成分，可以省主语、谓语，并列句中也可省去重复的内容。高考中多考查复合句中的省略。（1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可
25、以省略状语从句中的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词（as, as if, once）名词Once （he was） a teacher, he now works in a government office.连词（though, whether, when）形容词Work hard when （you are） young, or youll regret.连词（when, while, though）现在分词While （I was） walking along the street, I heard my name called.连词（when, if, even if,
26、 unless, once, until, than, as）过去分词连词（as if, as though）不定式He opened his lips as if （he were） to speak.注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：Her father told her to be careful when （she was） crossing the street.（2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词（if, unless, when, whenever）形容词的结构。Unless （it is）
27、 necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有ifso/not。Get up early tomorrow. If not （you dont get up early）, you will miss the first bus.He may not be at home then, if so （he is not at home）, leave him a note.（3）在than或as.as引导的从句中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略，如：He has made gr
28、eater progress than （he did） before/ever.He came home earlier than （he was） expected.She works as hard as young people.7替代替代是指用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语或整个句子，是避免重复，连接上下文的手段之一。通常有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。（1）动词性替代用动词等表示的替代现象叫作动词性替代。主要用法如下：用do来替代实义动词，若及物，须跟宾语，如：She plays the piano better than Mary does （plays） the gu
29、itar.John swam as well as Tom did （swam） two years ago.用do so来替代动宾结构，或动状结构，如：He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so? （do sosmoke a lot）Oceans are able to clean themselves, but certain seas are not able to do so.（clean themselves）do可以代替前面已出现过的行为动词，以免重复，但它的形式应按照人称、时态的需要而变化。（2）从句性替代so可以代替句子，和believe, think, expect, imagine, suppose, hope, hear, be afraid, fear, call, tell等词连用。not可以用来代替一个否定结构的从句或谓语，用于上述动词之后。请看下列各句：A
