1、字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes,potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autosKilo-Kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanos/volcanoes,7以元音字母加-s结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouthsmonth-months, p
2、ath-paths2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese,mouse-mice单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, go
3、vernment,population, team, public, party复数形式表示特殊含义customs（海关）, times（时代）, spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）, sands（沙滩）, papers（文件报纸）looks（外表）, brains（头脑智力）, greens（青菜）表示“某国人”Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men, -womenEnglishmen
4、, Frenchwomen合成名词将主体名词改为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants、名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成单数名词在词尾加sthe boys father, Jack
5、s book, her son-in-laws phhoto复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marysbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一次末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jan
6、es and Marys father表示“某人家”“店铺”，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams
7、 victory表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end（不知所措）3. of所有格的用法用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于无生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classroom of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the
8、 struggle of the oppressed二、 冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）, 定冠词（the）, 和零冠词。、不定冠词的用法：指一类人或事物，相当于a kind ofA plane is machine that can fly.第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.表示“每一”相当于every, oneWe study eight hours a day.表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visi
9、t you when you were out.That boy is rather a Lei Feng.用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.用于so（as, too, how）+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.、定冠词的用法：表示一类人或物The hor
10、se is a useful animal.用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the window?用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the rich, the living, the wounded表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two chil
11、dren.用于国家党派等以及江河湖泊，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French.9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invited in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.、零冠词的用法：专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing
12、University, Jack, China, love, air名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one.Whose purse is this?季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.与by连勇表示交通工具的名词前by t
13、rain, by air, be land以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.三、代词：、代词可以分为以下七大类：人称代词主格I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, her, him, it, us, you, them物主形容词性my, your, her, his, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, thei
14、rs反身代词myself, yourself, herself, himself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as不定代词one/ some/ any/, each/ every/, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little / a few/ a littl
15、eother/ another, all/ both, neither/ either、不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any;1） one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones. some多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句和疑问句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.2） some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me s
16、ome money?3） some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4） some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?2. each和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Ea
17、ch student has a pocket dictionary. / Each （of us） has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和nono等于not any,作定语。none做主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数都可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is
18、 there in the bottle? None.None of the student are （is） afraid of difficulties.4. other和another1）other泛指“别的，另外的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way.the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others. 如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our cl
19、ass failed, but all the others passed the exam.2） another指“有一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt; please show me another （one）.The trousers are too long; please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和eitherall表示不可数
20、名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四、形容词和副词、形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1）形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：修饰some, any, every, no和body
21、, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possiblealike, alive, awake, aware, asleep等词可以后置the only people awake和空间，时间，单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long成对的形容可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful形容词短语一般后置a man di
22、fficult to get on with2） 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词代词所有格序数词基数性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名allbothsuchthe,a,thisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3）复合形容词的构成：形容词+名词+edkind-hearted名词+形容词world-famous形容词+形容词dark-blue名词+现在分词peace-loving形容词
23、+现在分词ordinary-looking名词+过去分词snow-covered副词+现在分词hard-working数词+名词+edthree-egged副词+过去分词newly-built数词+名词twenty-year、副词副词的分类：时间副词soon, now, early, finally,once, recently频度副词always, often, frequently,seldom, never地点副词here, nearly, outside,upwards, above疑问副词how, where, when, why方式副词hard, well, fast, slowl
24、y,excitedly, really连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly,quite, rather关系副词when, where, why、形容词和副词的比较级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级、比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est, 多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most.1. 同级比较时常常用asas以及not so（as）as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2.
25、可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a, great deal.3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用 “the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger tha
26、n yours. / Our school is four times as large as yours. / Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。favorite, excellent, extreme, perfect.五、介词、介词分类：简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, thr
27、oughout, upon, without短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to,thanks to双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between分词转化成的介词considering（就而论），including形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite、常用介词区别：表示时间的in, on, atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始表示时间的in, afterin指在一段时间
