1、 4、China has made such rapid progress. 中国已经取得如此迅速的进步。progress 为不可数名词 make progress 取得进步make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 许多/ 巨大的进步 5、They express the rich culture of China as well. 他们也表达了丰富的中国文化。 as well, too, also均表“也；又”；as well 多用于口语，只用于句末，不用逗号隔开； too 多用于口语，用于句末，要用逗号隔开； also 较正式，不用于句末； either
2、用于否定句，表“也不”，与too 对应。 如： He likes sports as well. = He likes sports, too. = He also likes sports. 他也喜欢运动。 He didnt come, either. 他也没来。III.语法（一）现在完成时：表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。即“过去的动作 + 现在的结果”， 强调结果。如：I have bought a new bike. （= I bought a new bike, and I have a new bike now.）我已经买了一辆新的自行车。（强调我现在有
3、了一辆新车。） 构成形式： 助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词1肯定句： I have seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影。否定句： I havent seen the film. 我没看过这部电影。一般疑问句： Have you seen the film? 你看过这部电影了吗？回答： Yes, I have. 是的，我看过了。 No, I havent. 不，我没看过。特殊疑问句： What have you done? 你已经做了什么？2肯定句： He has finished the task. 他已经完成了任务。 He hasnt finished the
4、task. 他还没有完成任务。 Has he finished the task? 他已经完成任务了吗？ Yes, he has. 是的，他完成了。 No, he hasnt. 不，他没有完成。 What has he finished? 他完成了什么？（二）have/ has been to与 have/ has gone tohave/ has been to + 某地， 到过某地，说话时人已经回来了。have /has gone to + 某地， 说明去了某地， 说话时人还没回来。I have been to Beijing twice. 他去过北京两次。- Where is Jim?
5、吉姆在哪儿？ - He has gone to the library? 他去图书馆了。 Unit 1 Topic 2 1.get lost 迷路2.each other 彼此3. the population of China 中国的人口4.at least 至少5.because of 因为6.be strict with sb. 对某人严格要求7.carry out 实行8.be short of 缺乏9.Whats more 而且 10.take measures to do sth.采取措施做某事11.be known as 作为而著名12.work well in doing在方面
6、起作用13.a couple of 一些14.keep up with赶上,跟上15.hear from sb.=receive/ get a letter from sb. 收到某人的来信16.even though = even if 即使1. Whats more, the population in developing countries is growing faster. So it is. 而且，发展中国家的人口在更快地发展。 的确如此。“so + 主语+ be /情态动词/ 助动词 ” 表“的确如此”。 Jim is a good student. So he is. 吉姆是
7、一名好学生，的确如此。 “so + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语” 表“某某也一样”。 Jim is a student, so is Tom. 吉姆是一名学生，汤姆也是。 “ neither/ nor + be /情态动词/ 助动词 + 主语” 表“也不”。 Jim wasnt Chinese, neither/ nor were they.吉姆不中国人，他们也不是。 2At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world. 那时，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。population为不可
8、数名词，表示人口的多少只能用 “large”或 “small”修饰，提问人口用“what”, 如：The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. 上海的人口比北京多。Whats the population of China?= How many people are there in China? 中国的人口有多少？3. Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water.be short of 表 “缺乏”, 如:She is always
9、short of money at the end of every month. 每个月底她总是缺钱。be short for 表“是的缩写”, 如:TV is short for television. TV是television的缩写形式.III.语法：常用于现在完成时的时间状语：already, just , yet, ever, never, recently.1already 和 yetalready “已经”（多用于肯定陈述句）yet “已经; 还”（用于否定句或疑问句）2ever 和 neverever “曾经”（多用于疑问句，问初次经历）never“从未；从来不”（多用于否定
10、陈述句），常回答ever的句型。3just just “刚刚”（多用于肯定句，位于谓语动词之前）4beforebefore “之前”（一般位于句末；常与never呼应）， 如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before. 他说他以前从来没看过这么美的风景。e.g. 1. I have just called you.2. Have you ever been to France? No, Ive never been to any European countries.3. Have you seen him yet? Yes
11、, I have seen him already. Unit 1 Topic 3 1.get used to sth./ doing sth. 习惯于2.as a matter of fact 事实上3.break out 爆发4live a hard life 过着艰难的生活5.in need of 需要6.provide sb. with sth.= provide sth. for sb.提供某物给某人7.ones success in doing sth. 成功完成某事8.obey strict rules 遵守严格的规则9.take drugs 吸毒10.aim to do sth
12、. 目的是11.in the past sixteen years 在过去的十六年里12.at home and abroad 在国内外13pay for 付款14thousands of 成千上万的II. 重点句型2Well, once they find people in deed, they decide on suitable ways to help them. 他们一旦发现有人需要帮助, 就选定适当的方式来帮助他们。once 是从属连词，表“一旦就” decide on （doing ） sth. 决定（做）某事， 相当于 decide to do sth.They decide
13、d on spending the holiday in Hainan. 他们决定在海南度假。= They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan. III.语法 现在完成时: 常与for或since引导的时间状语连用,表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在。注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词一段时间的表达方法有两种:a）“for + 时间段” 与 “since + 时间点” 都表“一段时间”，常用How long 提问。for: +一段时间 for a year for two weeks for three years 过去的某一时刻, since nine si
14、nce last weekSince 一般过去时态的时间状语从句 since you came since you got home. 如: -How long have you been like this?-I have been like this since last month./ for a month. -How long have you lived in Changle?-I have lived in Changle for ten years / since ten years ago.b） 如句中含有非延续性动词，则改为相应的延续性动词或状态。I bought this
15、 TV three days ago.= I have had this TV for three days.His cat died yesterday.= His cat has been dead since yesterday.常见的非延续性动词转换成延续性动词如下：comebe here; gobe there; closebe closed; openbe open;buyhave; borrow keep; leavebe away; beginbe on;finishbe over; diebe dead etc. Unit 2 Topic 1 1. chemical fact
16、ory 化工厂2. pour into 把排放到3. in a bad mood 处在不好的情绪中4. manage to do sth. 设法去做某事5. do harm to / be harmful to 对有害6. quite a few 相当多7. no better than 同.一样差8. in pubic 公开地9. all sorts of 各种各样的10.in many ways 在许多方面1、There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river. 有几座工厂正往河里排放污水。 The
17、re be + sb. / sth. + doing sth. 表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。 There are some birds singing in the tree. 树上有些鸟儿在歌唱。 There is a little girl crying in the street. 街上有个小女孩在哭。 2、I cant stand the environment here. 我无法容忍这儿的环境。stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名词、代词及动名词做宾语。 I cant stand that man, he talks too much. 我忍受不了那个人了，他话太多了。 Can yo
18、u stand the pain? 你能忍得住痛吗？ I cant stand waiting any longer. 我再也等不了了。 3、,not all people know that noise is also a kind of pollution. 并不是所有的人都知道噪音也是一种污染。 not 与both、all 、every 以及 every 的派生词连用时，表部分否定。Topic 2 1. as a result 结果2. here and there 到处3. in the beginning 一开始4. in danger 处于危险中5. cut down 砍倒6. c
19、hange sth. into sth. 把变成7. prevent from 防止8. greenhouse effect 温室效应9. refer to 提到10.deal with 处理11.take up 占据12.cut off 中断1. As we know, none of us likes pollution. 众所周知，没有人喜欢污染。 none与no one 的区别：a）none “全无”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短语; 作主语时，谓语动词只用作单数。 He has read non
20、e of these books.（指物）这些书他一本都没看过。 None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友们没有一个喜欢画画。 No one is here. 没有一个在这儿。b）none回答how many/ much的问题；no one回答who的问题。 A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None. 有多少的学生搭出租车来上学？ 没有人。 How much water is there in the bottle? 瓶子里有多少水？ 一点儿也没有。 Who is in the
21、 room? No one. 谁在房中？没有人。2、Trees can also stop the wind blowing the earth away.树木也能防风固土。stop / prevent sb. /sth. （from ） doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事keep sb./sth. from doing sth. 阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事3、You may either take a bus or a taxi. 你们可能搭公车去或者是搭出租车去。 a） eitheror “要么要么; 或者或者” 并列连词,连接对等结构;连接主语时,根据就近原则。 Y
22、ou may come either today or tomorrow. 你要么今天来，要么明天来。 We can either sing or dance. 我们可以唱歌或者跳舞。 Either you or he is right. 要么你对，要么他对。 b） either 单独使用时，是代词，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主语时，谓语动词用作单数。 A：ould you like coffee or tea? Either is OK 你想要咖啡还是茶？随便都可以。 Either of us is right. 我们俩中有一人是对的。 III. 语法不定代词和不定副词：（一） 不
23、定代词： 指人：someone/ somebody anyone/ anybody no one/ nobody everyone/everybody 指物：something anything nothing everything（二）不定副词指地点：somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere（三）用法：1some-复合代词/副词常用于肯定句；I saw someone in the room. 我看见房间里有人。There is something in the woods. 树林里有什么东西。2、any-复合代词/副词常用于否定句或疑问句；I didnt
24、see anyone in the room. 我没看见有人在房间里。There isnt anything in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。3、no- 复合代词/副词表全否定；I saw nobody in the room. 我看见房间里没有人。There is nothing in the woods. 树林里没有什么东西。4、every- 复合代词/副词代替全部；Everyone is here. 大家都在这儿。It seems he knows everything. 似乎他知道一切。some-复合代词/副词用于疑问句中时，表希望得到对方的肯定回答或表请求；Would
25、 you like something to drink? 你要点喝的东西吗？any-复合代词/副词用于肯定句时，表“任何”；If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. 如果人们在公众的任何地方吐痰，他们应该受罚。不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；No one knows this secret. 没有一人知道这个秘密。Everything goes well. 一切进展顺利。如果有定语修饰,定语应放在不定代词或不定副词后；I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事
26、告诉你。There is nobody strange here. 这儿没有一个陌生人。no= not any nobody = not anybody; nothing = not anythingShe didnt say anything. = She said nothing. 她什么也没说。There is nobody strange here.= There isnt anybody strange here.这儿没有一个陌生人。Topic 3 1. not onlybut also 不仅而且2. be supposed to 应该3. ought to 应该4. turn off 关掉5. instead of 代替6. on time 准时7. make sure 确保8. push forward向前推9. push down 向下10.pull up 向上拉11、encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事12、after all 毕竟 above all 最重要的是.1.We should use both sides of paper, and r
