1、西方思想经典 复习资料Unit 1. Leviticus 利未记 Numbers 民数记 Deuteronomy 申命记Genesis 创世记 Exodus 出埃及记Matthew, Mark, Luke, JohnHebrew patriarchs(创始人)：Abraham, Isaac and JacobGod formed man of the dust of the Ground, and breathed into his nostrils(鼻孔) the breathe of life, and man became a living soul.The Acts of the Ap
2、ostles 使徒行传 The Epistles 使教书信The Revelation 启示录Gospel According to Matthew New TestamentBeatitudes(八福词)Blessed are the poor in spirit; Blessed are they that mourn(哀悼); Blessed are the meek(温驯)； Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness; Blessed are the merciful; Blessed are the
3、 pure in heart(清心寡欲)； Blessed are the peace-maker; Blessed are they which persecuted for righteousnesss sake.Salt and light 将真信徒比作盐和光House upon a rock 聪明的人把房子建在岩石上House upon the sand 无知的人把房子建在沙土之上Salt of the earth 精英份子Miracle and wonders and signs: pervasive activities 无所不在的行为Thunders and lightning:
4、 Gods mighty powera jealous God: a God who tolerant no rivalsoriginal sin: is the Christian doctrine of humanitys state of sin resulting from the fall of man, naturally the sin of eating fruits from the tree of knowledge of God and evil stemming from Adams rebelling in Eden. Saint Augustine link thi
5、s to human sexuality.2. What are the difference between the God in the Old Testament and Jesus in the New Testament? God is cruel and violent; Jesus is merciful and gracious. Curses and blesses, fearing God and Loving God.Unit 2.To the glory, that may Greece; And the grandeur that was Roman!The Dark
6、 Age(1000750?BC): lack of written records Archaic Age(750480BC) 古代时期Classical Age (480323BC)古典时期The Apology申辩论Socrates(469399BC)Socratess Accuser: Meletus and Augtus and LyconDeath is a dreamless sleep and a relocation to another placeSocrates is accused of 1. Corrupting the young2. Not believing in
7、 the gods of the city3. Believing in other spirits Plato(428347BC) established the first “European University” , the Academy in Athens.Forms: Forms are those changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essences or patterns of which the actual visible objects we see are only poor copies. There is the Form o
8、f the Triangle, and all the triangles we see are mere copies of that Form. Allegory of the Cave ：Imprisonment in the cavePlato has Socrates describe a gathering of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the w
9、all from things passing in front of a fire behind them, and they begin to give names to these shadows. The shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality.Departure from the cavePlato then supposes that one prisoner is freed, being forced to turn and see the fire. The light would hurt h
10、is eyes and make it hard for him to see the objects that are casting the shadows. But slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can only see shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually he
11、is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself.Return to the cavePlato continues, saying that the freed prisoner would think that the real world was superior to the world he experienced in the cave, he would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of
12、the cave and into the sunlight. The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become acclimated to the light of the sun, would be blind when he re-enters the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun. The prisoners, according to Socrates, would infer from the returning mans blindness that
13、the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake a similar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the caveThe world we see are the world of Forms. Knowledge of forms i
14、s innate, they are abstract and we know them through our soul, through intuition. Every object we see copies a Form. These objects are just shadow of a Form. We can come to grasp the Forms with our heads cultivated by instructors.Axial Age: Karl Jaspers created the term “Axial Age” of human civiliza
15、tion for the period 800-200BC exemplified by worlds greatest spiritual leaders in The Origin and God of History. The most extraordinary events are concentrated in this period. Everything implied during these few centuries almost simultaneously in China, India and the West, without any one of these r
16、egions knowing of the others.14.What is Platos ideal state composed of? The lowest class (merchant class) are governed by their appetite, the soldier (military class) is governed by his will, the philosophic person is governed by reason.In the best form of government, which Plato considers to be ari
17、stocracy, justice occurs when each of these types of person does his a appointed task; this means that justice is served when everyone keeps his or her place. This is ruled by a group of carefully trained men and women over fifty, who are all philosophersUnit 3.Lyceum 逍遥学派10. Differences between Pla
18、to and Aristotle? Plato observed the world with the way of mathematics. He is an idealist and interested in Forms. He applied deduction (from general to specific) and looked for the ideal state. Aristotle was more interested in sense and became an empiricist with the way of biology. He applied the w
19、ay of induction (from specific to general), seeking solution problems of living.The Politics 政治学-Aristotle15. What are the true forms and perversions of government according to Aristotle?The true forms of government are those in which the one, or the few, or the many, govern with a view to the commo
20、n interest. But government which rule with a view to the private interest, whether of the one or of the few, or of the many, are perversions, and the perversion are as follows of royalty, tyranny; of aristocracy(贵族政体), oligarchy(寡头政府); of constitution government, democracy.Doctrine of mean 中庸 applic
21、ation of reason to fulfill ones innate abilities.中庸 the nature of happiness, asserting that human happiness derives from “self-sufficiency”On the Laws Cicero (Roman 10643BC)The principle of natural law was open to reason and human judgments3. What is the law meant in Ciceros On the Laws? How does Ci
22、ceros law different from the law we meant today?There are 3 categories of law. Citizen law：private law and public law Law of nations: beginning of international lawNatural law：there were universal rules of conduct that flow from people as rational beings, irrespective of where or when they live.18.C
23、osmopolitanism: All people are citizens of the same human community.To look at the world process as a drama is to admit that everyone has a role in it.What relates people to each other is the fact that each person shares a common element.It is as though the Logos is a main telephone line and all peo
24、ple are on a conference call, therefore connecting God to all people and people to each other. Ethics 伦理主义 13. The Roman world contributed Jesus to Western civilization, but an equally important contribution is the Roman laws, military art and civil administration. Justice is the bond of men in stat
25、esUnit 4.Constantine the Great 君士坦丁大帝 Byzantium 拜占庭 Constantinople 君士坦丁堡 Istanbul 伊斯坦布尔 The Early Middle Age(3501050) The High Middle Age(10501300) The Late Middle Age(13001450) the Patristic era(教父时期): The period extending from the beginning of the Christian speculation(思索) to the time of St. Augus
26、tine is known as the Patristic era in philosophy and theology. This era included Platonism and underestimated the importance of Aristotle.Scholasticism(经院哲学)：the philosophical and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason.the Age of Faith : DuringtheMedievalAges from the 5th ce
27、ntury to the 15th centuryinEuropeanhistorytherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch. Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeopleslives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”The Enchi
28、ridion(手册)St. Augustine (354430)The Enchiridion: It is a writing of St. Augustine. A Christian layman wanted a hand book(Enchiridion) which would sum up the essential Christian teaching in the briefest possible form. The shorted complete summary of the Christian faith Augustine said is that God is t
29、o be served by man in faith, hope and love. He proceeds to expand in an essay his answer that he acknowledged to be too brief. It is a “conscious effort of the theological magistrate of Western Church to stand on final ground of testimony to the Christian truth.” This “Enchiridion” or “manual” is a
30、bold expression at the time of what we tend to accept as common talks today.Free will: Evil or sin is the product of the will. In spite of the fact of original sin, we still posses the freedom of the will. But we use free will wrongly. Even when we choose rightly, we dont possess the spiritual power
31、 to do the good we have chosen. We must have the help of Gods grace. Whereas evil is caused by free will, virtue is not the product of our will but of Gods grace.4. What is true liberty according to Augustine?Summa Contra Gentiles 反异教大全 Thomas Aquinas He tries to build the consonance(协调) between phi
32、losophers quest for mundane（世俗）truth based on reason and Christians quest for divine truth based on revelation（启示）. It is literally means summary against the Gentiles. The divine intellect surpasses the angelic intellect much more than the angelic surpasses the human.5. Why is reason alone unreliable according to Augustine? Three disadvantage would result if divine truth were left solely to the inquiry of
