1、非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词与独立主格结构非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。其特点是：1不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为非谓语动词的原因。2它们具有各种形态：一般式、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。3不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。4分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语，但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。一不定式（一） 形式
2、 语态时态主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing 1.完成式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较: I am glad to see
3、 you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.2.进行式 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively. 3.
4、完成进行式 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.4.被动式当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once
5、.【例】Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left 结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家。收藏品是被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D) is to be left。（二）句法功能1.不定式作主语【例】It is not unusual for workers in that region _.A) t
6、o be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是：“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”，答案是A)。2.不定式做宾语大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。如：We are planning to build a reservoir here
7、.【例】There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A) making B) to makeC) to have made D) having made动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”，后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时，意思是“表示的意思、意味着”，所以选项A 和 D错误。3. 不定式做补足语补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。（1）不定式做主语补足语【例】The ancient Egyptians are
8、 supposed _ rockets to the moon.A) to send B) to be sending C) to have sent D) to have been sending在本句中，句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前，不定式要用完成式， 因而答案是C)。在本句中，该不定式完成式to have sent作主语补足语。（2）不定式做宾语补足语这样的动词有：advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, cond
9、emn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report, request, re
10、quire, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。这样的短语有：call on（请求）, care for（关心）, count on（依靠，指望）, depend on（依赖、依靠）, keep on at（困扰，追问）, long for（渴望）, make out（分辨）, vote for（选举）, prevail on（说服）, rely on（信赖）, wait for（等待）。【例】They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the offi
11、ce tomorrow.A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed全句的意思是：“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。have sb. do sth.句型的主动语态，因此，have 后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，所以答案是A) install。4.不定式作表语One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.5.不定式做定语不定式做定语时，不定式修饰中心词或者不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰中心词（下面例1）。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾
12、语），也可能是不及物的。要特别注意如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive（动力）, effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right（权利）, strugg
13、le, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语，表示该名词的具体内容，解释前面中心名词（例2）在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。【例1】Could you find someone_？A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis 请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。
14、【例2】The pressure _causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed结合选项看，全句的意思是：“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语，说明pressure的内容。6.不定式作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果等。They stood by the roa
15、dside to talk about the plan他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的) His family was too poor to support him他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果) We are glad to hear the news我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因) （三）动词不定式不带to的情形1. 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tel
16、l him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.2. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.3
17、. 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.4. 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to；出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to。Rather than pus
18、h the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5.用作表语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不
19、定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.(四)不定式的其他用法1. tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,
20、不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.2.不定式的逻辑主语如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considera
21、te, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 二动名词动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。（一）形式时态性 语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1.一般式Working in these co
22、nditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.2. 完成式 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.3.被动式 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的
23、对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth t
24、rying.4. 完成被动式 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.5.动名词的否定形式 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词【例】She apologized for _ the party.A. not her being able to attendB. her not being able to attendC. her being able not
25、 to attendD. her being not able to attendnot + doing的动名词否定形式，her为该动名词的逻辑主语。因此，正确答案选B。（二）句法功能1.作主语:Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。It was hard getting on the crowded street ca
26、r. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。2.作宾语（1）及物动词的宾语 You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.（2）介词的宾语凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。【例】He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A) of having s
27、pend B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spent全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词介词动名词（短语）的形式。答案是A。 3.作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.（三）动名词的复合结构（重要考点）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Do y
28、ou mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.【例1】_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated
29、C) The girls being educated D) The girl to be educated全句意思是：让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。【例2】Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A) to have students B) for students being C) for students to be D) to students being句意：尽管教授很准时，但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑
30、主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。（四）只能接动名词的动词、词组、习惯搭配、句型1.后接动名词的动词有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。这些动词是：acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, cant help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure,
31、 enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。【例1】Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined动词escape后接动名词，不
