1、语言学导论期末复习及练习语言学导论复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage: Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin Bow-wow自然模声说 Yo-he-ho劳动号子说 Evolution进化说 Conventionalism约定俗成说 Innatism先天论 After-birthacquisition后天习得说 Gestures手势说 Embodimen
2、t体验说(Reality-cognition-language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandmetalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1. Sixperiodsoflinguistics Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前) Historical&comparativelingui
3、stics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪) Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初) Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中) Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中) Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2. internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmitte
4、dandperceived.2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4）Syntax(句法学)is
5、thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6）Pragmatic
6、s（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithina
7、speechcommunity.3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1. Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcou
8、sticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2. GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3. Waystodescribeconsonants1) positionofarticulation2) mannerofarticulation3) voicedorvoiceless4. Waystodescribevowels1) theheightofto
9、ngueraising(high,mid,low);2) thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3) thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short);4) lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1. Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音
10、单位)2. Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3. Contrastivedistribution(对立分布)：thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。AMinimalPairreferstotwowordswhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesound(onephoneme)andwhichalsodifferinmeaning,forexample,bearandpear.4. Complementarydistribution（互补分布）:allopho
11、nesarenotfoundinthesameposition5. Freevariation(自由变体)：Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.II.SuprasegmentalFeatures(超音段特征)Theprinciplesuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllable,stress,toneandintonation.ChapterFourMorphologyI.M
12、orpheme1. Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage(最小的有意义的语言单位)2. FreeMorphemes(自由语素)andBoundMorphemes(黏着语素)1)Freemorphemes:Morphemesconstitutingwordsbythemselvesarecalledfreemorphemes.Theyarerootsofwords.2)Boundmorphemes:Morphemesalwaysattachedtofreemorphemestoformnewwordsarecalledboundmorpheme
13、s.Theyareaffixesofwords,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoinflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)andderivationalaffixes（派生词缀）.3)InflectionalmorphemesinmodernEnglishindicatecaseandnumberofnouns,tenseandaspectofverbs,anddegreeofadjectivesandadverbs.4)Derivationalmorphemesareboundmorphemesaddedtoexistingformstoconstructne
14、wwords.II.WordFormation1.Derivation（派生法）2.Compounding(复合法)3.Lexicalchangeproper(特有的词汇变化)InventionorcoinageBlendingAbbreviationAcronymBack-formationBorrowingIII. SemanticchangeBroadening(词义扩大)Narrowing(词义缩小)Metathesis（Meaningshift(词义转移)ChapterFiveSyntaxI.TraditionalGrammar（传统语法）1. Intraditionalgramma
15、r,asentenceisconsideredasequenceofwordswhichareclassifiedintopartsofspeech.2. Sentencesareanalysedintermsofgrammaticalfunctionsofwords:subjects,objects,predicatesandpredicator.3. Nouns:number,case,gender,countability4. Verbs:tense,aspect,voice5. Agreementinnumber,personandgenderII.StructuralGrammar（
16、结构主义语法）1.ItwasfoundedbySaussure,whodistinguishesthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasLangue(语言)andparole（言语）.2.Structuralgrammararoseoutofanattempttodeviatetraditionalgrammar.Itdealswiththeinter-relationshipsofdifferentgrammaticalunits.Intheconcernofstructural
17、grammar,wordsarenotjustindependentgrammaticalunits,butareinter-relatedtooneanother.3.Keyconcepts:syntagmaticandparadigmatic(associative)relations(横组合关系和纵聚合关系/联想关系),structureandsystem(结构与系统)，immediateconstituentsanalysis(直接成分分析法)，endocentricandexocentricconstructions(向心结构与离心结构)III.Transformational-Ge
18、nerative(TG)Grammar(转换生成语法)1.ItwasfoundedbyNoamChomsky,whobelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate-TheInnatenessHypothesis(天赋假说)andthatchildrenarebornwithaLanguageAcquisitionDevice(语言习得机制)，whichconsistsofthreeelements:ahypothesis-maker(假设标记)，linguisticuniversal(语言普遍现象)andanevaluationprocedure(评估程序)。2.Ch
19、omskydistinguishesalanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesandtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituationasCompetence(语言能力)andPerformance(语言运用).TGGrammartakestheidealspeakerslinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.3.TGGrammarhasexperiencedfivestagesofdevelopment:theClassicalTheory,theStand
20、ardTheory,theExtendedStandardTheory,theRevisedExtendedStandardTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram.IV.Systematic-FunctionalGrammar(系统功能语法)1.ItwasfoundedbyM.A.K.Hallidayandtakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy.2.TheGrammarhastwocomponents:SystematicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.3.Keyconcepts:themeandrhe
21、me(主位和述位)，communicativedynamism(交际动力)，thethreemeta-functionsoflanguage-ideationalfunction(概念功能)，interpersonalfunction(人际功能)andtexualfunction(文本功能).SummarySchoolsrepresentativesTheoriesandConcepts1SaussureLanguageisasystemofsigns.StructuralGrammar2ChomskyTGGrammarThePragueSchool/Synchroniclinguistics
22、tudyLanguageisfunctional.FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)ThemeandRhemeTheLondonSchoolFirthHallidyTheobjectoflinguisticsislanguageinactualuse.Systematic-FunctionalGrammarAmericanStructuralismBoasandSapirBloomfieldSapir-WhorfHypothesisBehaviorisminlinguisticsChapterSixSemanticsI. DefinitionofMeaning
23、II. G.Leechandhis7typesofmeaning:Conceptualmeaning,Connotativemeaning,Socialmeaning,Affectivemeaning,Reflectedmeaning,CollocativemeaningandThematicmeaning.III. Theconceptualview（概念主义观点）:semantictriangle(语义三角)byOgden&Richards-SymbolorForm,Referent,andThoughtorReference.IV. Contextualism(语境主义)：tobasem
24、eaningoncontext;arepresentativeofthisapproachwasJ.R.Firth.V. Behaviorism(行为主义):themeaningofalanguageformisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer;asupporterofthisapproachwasBloomfield,whowasaprinciplerepresentativeofAmericanStructuralism.VI. KeyConcepts1.Lexicalsen
25、serelations(词汇含义关系)Synonymy(同义关系)Polysemy(一词多义)Homonymy(同音或同形异义关系)Hyponymy(上下义关系)Antonymy(反义关系)2.sententialsenserelations(语句含义关系)Tautology(同义反复句)Contradiction(自相矛盾句)Inconsistency(矛盾关系)Synonymousness(同义关系)Entailment(衍推关系)Presupposition(预设)Semanticallyanomalousness(语义反常句)ChapterSevenPragmatics语用学I. Sp
26、eechActTheory(言语行为理论)1. Thefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse;2. FoundedbyJohnLangshawAustin;3. Themajorideaisthatthingscanbedonewithwords;4. Twotypesofsentences：performativeandConstative(行事话语与叙事话语)5. TheoryoftheIllocutionary(行事行为理论)：LocutionaryAct(言内行为)，IllocutionaryAct(言外行为)，PerlocutionaryA
27、ct(言后行为)II. ConversationalImplicature(会话含义理论)1. ProposedbyHerbertGrice;2. TheCooperativePrinciples(合作原则)：QuantityMaxim(数量准则)QualityMaxim(质量准则)RelationMaxim(关系准则)MannerMaxim(方式准则)Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguisticsIChoosethebestanswer.1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman_.A.contactB.
28、communicationC.relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3.Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is_.A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.Performative4. InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarel
29、ikelytosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational5. Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguag
30、e,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?Aniceday,isntit?Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal7. _ref
31、erstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole8. Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldntbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof_.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality9._answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.Psycholinguistics B.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics D.Appliedlinguistics10._
