1、电子商务与国际贸易外文文献翻译文献出处：Burinskien A. THE APPLICATION OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE J. Intellectual Economics, 2011, 5(1): 722.原文THE APPLICATION OF E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEAurelijaVilnius Gediminas Technical UniversityAbstra
2、ct. The article discloses the application of e-commerce technologies for the development of international trade. In this paper, the problems associated with the application of e-commerce technologies in international trade are analysed. It is identified that enterprises involved in international tra
3、de are using e-commerce technologies for selling products in different markets which, based on their openness, are closed and open. The analysis of the benefits and investments is provided herein. By using the study results, the cash-flow model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when e-com
4、merce technologies are used for the development of international trade, is formulated. The assessment of practical application of proposed cash-flow model is presented in the paper herein.Keywords: e-commerce, international trade, efficiency, benefit, multi-period investments.Introduction A huge dyn
5、amism is characteristic to international trade: it undergoes multiple and rapid alterations, therefore one needs to react single-mindedly to new challenges and tackle more complicated problems. For the past several decades, by developing international trade, the possibilities to increase efficiency
6、have been re-examined. Since the development level of information technologies is growing, the needs are perceived in a new way, which appear in the practice of e-commerce. Apparently, the importance of e-commerce technologies in the development of international trade is immense and has a tendency t
7、o grow: under modern globalization circumstances, the application of information and telecommunication technologies has become a crucial factor of development in both international trade and economy in general.There are several ways to develop international trade by applying e-commerce technologies:
8、 - An Internet shop. The consumer can visit the e-shop and choose an item from a wide range of goods; - A producer on the Internet. Consumers can easily find, choose and even make a “purchase-sale” deal with a direct producer online. This encourages more and more consumers to buy goods directly; - T
9、rade with the help of an e-network. More and more permanent business partners use e-networks to receive orders, transfer the documents of payment and transport. Data received via e-networks are integrated into the information systems of enterprises. E-commerce is distinguishable because of certain p
10、eculiarities: a customer can get purchases in any country worldwide; expenditure of trade transactions, when ecommerce technologies are used, are usually lower than expenditure of traditional trade transactions due to the fact that costs of operations are lower; however, there is a growth of expendi
11、ture which appears as a result of implementation and maintenance of e-commerce technologies and goods delivery. The above-mentioned peculiarities determine that e-commerce is usually more efficient than common trade forms. Therefore, there is a demand to create and use in international trade such in
12、strumentation for the evaluation of efficiency concerning the usage of e-commerce technologies that would be used to identify reasonably those cases when the traditional technologies of international trade are worth changing into e-commerce technologies and when e-commerce can help to increase the a
13、mounts of international trade. Decisions, which are oriented to efficiency of international trade and the increase of practice competition of various economy subjects in international trade, usually exploit the opportunities provided by e-commerce technologies. In this paper, the complex application
14、 of e-commerce technologies in international trade are examined, and a model, which can be applied to evaluate efficiency when e-commerce technologies are used in international trade, is formulated, while empirical assessment, which shows that a formulated theoretical model can be applied, is undert
15、aken. The methods of comparative, statistical, and financial analysis have been mainly applied in the paper. E-commerce conception and its refection in scientific works E-commerce conception and its refection in scientific works E-commerce is the purchase and sale of goods and services by using e-ne
16、tworks (open and close e-networks) (Bidgoli, 2004). E-commerce is an activity when e-networks are used in order to reach customers, sell goods, services and pay for them. Such practice is also related to advertising, purchase delivery, etc. (Bergendahl, 2005). Talking about e-commerce, M. Khosrowpou
17、r (2006) and other authors use the term “e-commerce technologies”; these technologies are used during trade transactions. Enterprises expect that expenditure of item sale on the Internet is lower than expenditure, which a company incurs selling goods traditionally. Moreover, they think that sale on
18、the Internet is determined by price, quality and delivery conditions. According to K. L. Kraemers data (2006), enterprises which sell items on the Internet increase their income, improve client service, reduce expenditure and reach a higher efficiency level. E-commerce can be based on two major busi
19、ness models: - Business model “business to business”; - Business model “business to consumer”. “Business to business” often means transactions among companies. Several more enterprises trade on the basis of such a model. This has been the most common e-commerce model in the whole world since e-comme
20、rce technologies appeared. The business model “business to business” also reflects the form of wholesale when goods are ordered online. Due to this, one should also have the customers database, where information about discounts for each customer is preserved. E-commerce provides more opportunities t
21、o conduct transactions and encourage the development of new forms of international trade. M. A. Hitt (2002) thinks that the main reasons encouraging enterprises to develop e-commerce are extra income, smaller administration expenditure, higher activity efficiency and better financial results. Implem
22、entation of e-commerce technologies gives many new opportunities. However, enterprises have to accept new challenges of international trade and make appropriate decisions. This means that the usage of e-commerce technologies is the main factor, determining the perspectives of international trade dev
23、elopment. The concept of international trade and its refection in literature International trade is a broad term and is defined differently in different sources. International trade by World Trade Organization (WTO) is defined as “the flow of goods, carriage of goods within the territorial borders.”
24、 The United Nations Organization (UNO) defines international trade as “the international sale of goods.” In the documents of Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), international trade is defined as import and export activities and their results are measured by value of goods, p
25、rovided to other persons, and the value of goods received from foreign entitiess hinterland. The successful and purposeful development of international trade has to be based on such scientific knowledge of circumstances and such scientifically-proved solutions. Solutions, which are oriented to effic
26、iency of international trade and the increase of practice competition of various economy subjects in international trade, usually exploit in one or another way the opportunities provided by e-commerce technologies. The inadequate and inappropriate usage of e-commerce technologies affects development
27、 of international trade. The development of instrumentation that allows evaluating the perspectives and opportunities of the application of e-commerce technologies is an important precondition in the development of international trade. The comparison of enterprises involved in trade It has been reve
28、aled that the international trade turnover of enterprises of production and trade amounts to 82% of international trade. The analyse of practice of mentioned enterprises shows that production enterprises are more active by selling goods in international markets than trade ones; that the activity of
29、production enterprises is important to assess opportunities in the development of international trade. The practice of enterprises has been examined. The results of such study show that enterprises passively apply e-commerce technologies in the development of international trade. It has been establi
30、shed that production companies are more active by doing trade in foreign countries, trade companiesby applying e-commerce technologies in national country. Research shows that in order to activate the application of e-commerce technologies in international trade it is necessary to invest into ecomme
31、rce technologies in an integrated way. The comparison of US enterprises which practice e-commerce (A and others) and US enterprises which are engaged in trade is also presented. By using comparative, statistical analysis the comparison of enterprises is performed. On the basis of enterprises there a
32、re highlighted key cases devoted to the usage of ecommerce technologies in enterprises. It is necessary to consider that companies which engage in traditional trade can also apply and e-commerce technologies, but as there is a problem to obtain more thorough data, while comparing more common data to
33、 describe the above mentioned enterprises is used (note: assessing research results it is important to remember that in production enterprises32%, in wholesale enterprises19.2% of all sale income makes sale income when goods are ordered, using e-commerce technologies (it is estimated by the author on the
