1、高中英语语法介词专题教案高中英语语法介词专题教案什么是介词?介词就是表示动作和名词关系的词,在动作的直接作用对象前可以被省略!1.简单介词at,on,from2.合成介词into,onto,inside3.分词介词considering,concerning4.复合介词because of,in front of,according to1.介词的功能介词是一种虚词(前置词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:The boy over there is Johns
2、brother.(定语The girl will be back in two hours.(状语Our English teacher is from Australia.(表语Help yourself to some fish.(宾语补足语2.常用介词的用法辨析1表时间的介词1 at,on,inat表示“在某一时刻,某一时点”。如:I get up at 6:00 every day.我每天6点起床。注:at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜间;at Christmas在圣诞节期间;at the age of five在五岁时。on表示“在具体某一天或某
3、天的上、下午”。如:I heard a shot on(the morning of March 18.三月十八日(早晨我听到一声枪响。We dont have classes on Sunday.星期天我们不上课。in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周”以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。如:in the 20th century在20世纪;in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬季;in September在九月;in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上。2 for,during,throughfor后接“一段时间”,表示某事持续多久,多与完成时连用
4、。如:She has been ill for several days.她已经病了几天了。during表示“在期间”。如:I went to France for two weeks during the summer.夏天我去了法国两个星期。through表示“一直,自始至终”。如:They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。3 from,since from表示“时间的起点”,可译作“从”,多用于“fromto/till”中。如:You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什么时间
5、来都行。since表示“自从以来(直到现在”。如:He has been away from home since 1973.他自从1973年就离开了家乡。We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。注意:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for接时间段,since接时间点。如for two hours(持续两小时;since last week从上周直到现在。4 before,by,till,untilbefore指“在之前”,与after相对。如:Please come before ten oclock.请10点以前来
6、。by指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”。如:We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。We will have learned 2000 English words by the end of this term.到本学期结束前,我们将学了两千英语单词了。注:by后接过去时间,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来时间,常与将来完成时连用。till(until“直到为止”You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等到他明天。注:在肯定句中,till
7、/until必须与延续动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用。如I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock.直到12点我才睡。5 after,in,withinafter表示“在之后”,是before的反义词。如:He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。The meeting will end after 3:00pm.会议将在下午三点后结束。within“在时间之内”。如:I can finish it within an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。注:after与in都可
8、表示“在之后”,但after后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点;而in后必须跟时间段。after既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而in只能用于将来时。Ill arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。2表示地点的介词1in,outside,between,amongin在里面She put her book in the desk.她把书放进了书桌。outside在外面What did you see outside the hall?你在大厅外看见了什么?between在之间(指二者The building stands between the park and the small riv
9、er.那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。among在之间(指多者“There is a thief among you.”the policeman shouted to the crowd.警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!”注意:among后往往接笼统的人和事物,若需接具体的人或数目时,即使是指多者,也用between,此时一般有and连接,可理解为多者中任何两者之间。如:Switzerland lies between France,Germany,Austria and Italy.瑞士位于法国、德国、奥地利和意大利之间。2on,above,over,below,underon表示“在上面
10、”,表面相互接触。如:There is a book on the desk.桌上有本书。above表示“在上方,位置高出”,与below相对。如:The Turners live above us.特纳一家人住在我们的上面。over表示“在正上方”,与under相对。The picture is hanging over the blackboard.那张图挂在黑板的正上方。below表示“在下方,低于”。如:Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。under表示“在正下方”。如:They sat under a big tree,d
11、rinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。3 near,by,besidenear表示“在附近”。如:My home is near the school.我家离学校很近。by=beside,表示“靠近,在旁边”,比near距离更近。如:He just sat by/beside me in the cinema.在电影院他就坐在我旁边。4 in front of,behind,aroundin front of表示“在前面”,指在外部。如:There is a tall tree in front of our classroom.我们教室前面有一棵高树。比较:in the front of表
12、示“在前部”,指在内部。如:There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前部有把红椅子。behind表示“在后面”。如A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。around表示“在周围,围绕”。如:There are many trees around the village.村子周围有很多树围绕。5 from,to,for,into,out of from表示“从”。如:She will fly from Beijing to Hongkong.她将从北京飞往香港。to表示“
13、到”,指目的地。如:They got to the town very late.他们很晚才到那个镇。for表示“去,向”,指方向或去向。如:The train for shanghai has been away.去往上海的火车已经开走了。比较:towards仅指朝着某个方向,不一定是目的地;to指到目的地;for指向目的地,且常用于leave for;start for等固定搭配中。into表示“进入”。如:The teacher came into the classroom with a smile.老师微笑着走进了教室。比较:into由外进入到里面,是动态的;而in是指静态的位置。o
14、ut of表示“从出来”。如:They pulled him out of the water.他们把他从水里拉了出来。比较:out of是指从里面出来,是动态的;而outside是指静态的位置。6 along,across,through,overalong表示“沿着”街、路、河岸等线形物。如:There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the street.沿街有着各种美丽的花。across表示“横穿”某一平面,或“横过”某一线形物。如:Pipes carry oil across the desert.管道将石油输送过沙漠。Its dan
15、gerous to run across the busy road.跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。through指从某物的内部“穿过”。如:It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们10分钟时间。over指“越过”某一障碍物。如The bear went over the mountain.熊翻越了高山。7 at,inat指较小的地方,如车站、家等;而in多指在较大地方,如国家、城市、大洲等。如:Please wait for me at the bus station.请在公共汽车站等我。The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00.飞机将于13点到达北京。8 on the other side of,across,overThey live on the other side of/over/across the street.他们住在街的对面。3表示方位的介词:in,to,on1.in表示在某地范围之内。如:
