1、第五讲 汉英句子翻译2 第五讲 汉英句子翻译 (二)第二部分 特殊句型及含修辞格的句子之翻译策略一、 连动/兼语句（一） 汉语连动式两个或两个以上的动词，与同一主语发生主谓关系, 是汉语连动式的特点。1. 表示先后关系的连动式通常将几个动词都译成谓语动词，按原文的先后次序，用and加以连接，或用分词结构来译。如：他打开抽屉拿出词典来。He opened the drawer and took out a dictionary.他到车站发现火车已经开走了。 Arriving at the station, he found that the train had left.2. 表示“手段、目的”
2、关系的连动式，在英译时，通常把前一个动词，即表示手段的动词译作谓语，而后一个动词（表示目的的动词）则用不定式译作英语的目的状语。如：去年他回北京去看朋友。Last year he went to Beijing to visit his friends.但是，在表示“手段、目的”关系的连动式中，第一个动词有时也可以用含目的意义的介词来译。他回家去取钥匙。He went home for the key.3. 有些连动式，前一个动作表示后一个动作的方式、状态，两者形成主从关系。在英译时，通常把后一个动作用限定动词译成谓语，前一个动作用非限定动词译成分词或介词短语。如：游行的人拿着鲜花和彩旗在街道
3、上行进。The paraders marched in the street, carrying flowers and banners in their hands.（二）汉语兼语式如果一个句子的谓语有两个动词，前一动词的宾语，是后一动词的主语，前后两个动词不共一个主语，这就是汉语的兼语式。1. 把兼语式的第二个动词转化为英语的宾语补足语。虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2. 英语中有大量的含有“致使”、“促成”意义的动词，有时为了句子简练有力，往往利用这类
4、动词来翻译。整个事情真叫我们吃惊。The whole thing surprised us.这会使孩子们高兴的。That will please the children.3. 也可按照上下文和英语习惯灵活翻译。她责备孩子迟迟不回家。She reproached her child for staying out late. 报上批评这位作家没有真正地反映生活。Newspaper criticized the author because he failed to present a true picture of life in his works. 二、 主语省略句（无主句）在正常情况下，
5、英语的主语是不能缺少的（除祈使句和一些谚语外），而汉语的主语有时却可有可无。翻译汉语省略主语句子时多用增添法。（词的的增减的原则是：增词不增意，减（省略）词不减意）例如：Before my bed a pool of light Can it be hoarfrost on the ground?Looking up, I find the moon bright; Bowing, in homesickness Im drowned.诗歌如此，普通句子更不必说。例如：1. 没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no ri
6、ght to speak .2. 不坚持，就会失败。One will fail unless one preserves. (泛指)If you dont hold on, you will fail . (特指)Keep on, or well fail. (特指)3既发高烧，又抽搐不已，的确是很危险的。The case in which the patient is running high fever and suffering from continuous convulsion has got into grave danger indeed. (泛指)His case is rea
7、lly serious, as he is suffering from high fever and continuous convulsion. (特指)4. 在发芽前给种浇水。Before the plant germinates, it is watered.汉语无主句中的宾语充当英语中的主语，动词使用被动语态。5. 把这些物资尽快送到地震灾区是非常紧急的任务。It is a matter of great urgency that the supplies should be dispatched to the earthquake stricken area as soon as
8、possible. 6. 生于忧患，死于安乐。One prospers in worries and hardships and perishes in ease and comfort.三、 “把”字句由介词“把”构成的“把”字句是汉语中既特殊又极为常用的一种句型。英译“把”字句时，应按照其不同的意义、作用和结构，选择不同的译法。例如：1. 你最好在月底之前把这台机器修好。You had better have this machine repaired by the end of this month.2. 那一趟可把我累坏了。That trip tired me out.3. 那年轻人把
9、腰板一挺，不服输。The young man straightened himself up and refused to admit defeat.4. 他们把我们当作贵宾来款待。They treated us as distinguished guests.5.把电源插头插入220V交流电源插座，将电源开关按下。Connect the main plug to AC 220V source socket and push power switch to turn on the receiver.四、“得”字句（可以撇开汉语这一特有结构，根据意思灵活运用英语中合适的结构）1） 表示能力或可能
10、性的“得”字句论唱歌谁能比得上她？Who can match her in singing?他能担得起大事。He is capable of great things.2） 表示结果或程度的“得”字句天气热得人喘不过气来。It was such a hot weather that people were out of breath.这些苹果酸得不能吃。These apples are too sour for eating.他被打得遍体鳞伤。He was beaten black and blue.他笑得肚子疼。He laughed till his sides split.我说出这个消息时
11、，他高兴得跳起来。He jumped for joy when I told him the news.他热得满头大汗。He was sweating all over. 五、比喻由于中英两国有不同的历史和风俗习惯，汉英两种语言对比喻性词语的使用常有所不同，汉译英时直译的情况较少。1) 直译：用于非汉语所特有的比喻性词语清清的溪水，潺潺地流着，像仙女身上美丽的飘带，从高涯上伸展到遥远的地方去。Rippling crystal streams stretched away into the distance from the towering bluffs like the beautiful
12、streamers of a fairy maid.2）意译：汉语比喻的形象在英语中难以再现或不合乎译文语言习惯，只好舍去汉语比喻所用形象，保留原比喻的含义，舍形求意我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做牛马。Ive been slaving all these years just to make money for them.有一些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了。Some are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are very cocky.比一比就
13、比一比，但谁也不能打退堂鼓。Were willing to take up the challenge. And neither side should back out.3) 转换法：有时比喻中的同一形象在两种语言中可能引起不同的联想，所以翻译时不能直接采用汉语的比喻性词语，而改换为英语中含有类似意思的比喻性词语。大家心里都乐得开了花，像办喜事那样忙忙碌碌地做着各种准备工作。Everyone was as pleased as though a festival was approaching, and set about getting ready for it.这人原先胆子小，干啥也是脚
14、踩两只船。The man had formerly been a coward, a fence-sitter.六、 排比句大多数排比都是可以进行直译的。对含重复成分的排比进行直译，可以基本保留原文的形式美和声音美，同时也可以通过再现的重复，使突出强调的效果得以保持，使原文的语势美得以传达。例如：燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died, but there is a time of regreenin
15、g; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again.但是，有时排比项中包含的重复并不需要进行全部完整的传达，过多的重复会造成结构上的臃肿和冗余。而且，一般来说，汉语喜欢重复用实义词，尤其是在排比中，而英语则往往避免重复实义词，省略重复的词语。此外，英语倾向于多用代词，特别是人称代词；汉语倾向于重复名称、人名或称谓。因此在进行汉英语际转换时，应注意在适当时候避免重复。有时可以采用对重复部分进行全部或部分合并的办法，来避免结构上的重复，或者，也可以采用同义的结构来避免用词上的重复。例如：然而朋友们把我救了。他们给了我家庭所不能给
16、的东西。他们的友爱，他们的帮助，他们的鼓励，几次把我从深渊的边沿救回来。Friends are my saviors. They give me things which it is beyond my family to give me. Thanks to their fraternal love, assistance and encouragement, I have time and again been saved from falling into an abyss while on its verge.译文把排比项“他们的友爱”、“他们的帮助”、“他们的鼓励”中的重复成分“他们
17、的”合并，只使用了一个“their”来搭配，避免了不必要的重复。七、其它修辞句1. 小火车在欢腾地急驰。人们的心和火车一样，向家乡急奔。(拈连)The little train and the hearts of all its passengers, together, sped merrily homeward.2. 假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无。（对偶）When false is taken for true, true becomes false;If non-being turns into being, being becomes non-being.3见他生的聪明俊秀，也欲使他
18、识几个字，不过假充养子，聊解膝下荒凉之叹。（委婉语）And because she was as intelligent as she was pretty, they decided to give her a good education to make up for their lack of a son and help them forget their loss.4 你站在桥上看风景，看风景人在楼上看你。明月装饰了你的窗子，你装饰了别人的梦。（卞之琳断章）（回环）When you watch the scenery from the bridge,The sightseer wat
19、ches you from the balcony.The bright moon adorns your window.While you adorn anothers dream.八、俗语的译法俗语是语言中极具民族特色的成份，最忌直译，否则会闹出笑话。1） 直译：此种情况很少，译者一定要拿准英语中的确有相关说法他是搬起石头砸了自己的脚。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.瘦死的骆驼比马大。A starved camel is bigger than a horse.2） 转换法：用英语中类似的说法我过去是个将军，你爱信不信。I
20、was a general, believe it or not.一定拉我一把。Do lend me a hand.你还有脸找她借钱！You should have the never to borrow money from her!3) 意译不料半路上杀出一个程咬金。Little did I expect that half way he would appear and try to poke his nose into the matter.管他三七二十一，吃个饱再说。Who would care so much? The first thing to do is eat my fil
21、l.妈妈唱红脸，爸爸唱白脸，孩子说出了实话。Mother coaxing, father coercing, the child spoke out the truth.恐怕你们这些负责人也不摸底。Im afraid you who are in responsible positions havent a very clear idea.4）直译与意译相结合你只得矮子里拔将军了，在到场的人中挑一个吧。You have to pick a giant from among the dwarfschoose the best person from the people present.原来他就
22、是后台老板。He proved / turned out to be the wire-pulling boss.他没有三头六臂。He is not as strong as gigantic superhuman with three heads and six arms.Exercise:1. 他们把改革看作头等大事。2. 创新是一个民族的灵魂。3. 中国人民的生活实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。4. 嫦娥二号再一次实现了中国人的飞天梦，谱写了中华民族自强不息的壮丽诗篇。5. 蜜蜂是在酿蜜，又是在酿造生活；不是为自己，而是在为人类酿造最甜的生活。1. They think of the r
23、eform as a matter of prime importance.2. Innovation sustains the progress of a nation.3. A historic change has taken place in living standards, and the Chinese people have come to enjoy a better life after they succeeded in producing enough to feed and clothe themselves.4. Change II realized the Chinese peoples dream of flying into space, composing a magnificent poem to the continuing hard work and independent spirit of the nation.5. Making honey is also creating life, a most sweet life, not for themselves, but for others.Keys:
