1、人教版化学必修二有机物的知识点第三章有机化合物绝大多数含碳的化合物称为有机化合物，简称有机物。像CO、CO2、碳酸、碳酸盐等少数化合物，由于它们的组成和性质跟无机化合物相似，因而一向把它们作为无机化合物。一、烃1、烃的定义：仅含碳和氢两种元素的有机物称为碳氢化合物，也称为烃。2、烃的分类：饱和烃烷烃（如：甲烷）脂肪烃(链状)烃不饱和烃烯烃（如：乙烯）芳香烃(含有苯环)（如：苯）3、甲烷、乙烯和苯的性质比较：有机物烷烃烯烃苯及其同系物通式CnH2n+2CnH2n代表物甲烷(CH4)乙烯(C2H4)苯(C6H6)结构简式CH4CH2CH2或(官能团)结构特点CC单键，链状，饱和烃CC双键，链状，不
2、饱和烃一种介于单键和双键之间的独特的键，环状空间结构正四面体六原子共平面平面正六边形物理性质无色无味的气体，比空气轻，难溶于水无色稍有气味的气体，比空气略轻，难溶于水无色有特殊气味的液体，比水轻，难溶于水用途优良燃料，化工原料石化工业原料，植物生长调节剂，催熟剂溶剂，化工原料有机物主要化学性质烷烃：甲烷氧化反应（燃烧）CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O（淡蓝色火焰，无黑烟）取代反应（注意光是反应发生的主要原因，产物有5种）CH4+Cl2CH3Cl+HCl CH3Cl +Cl2CH2Cl2+HClCH2Cl2+Cl2CHCl3+HCl CHCl3+Cl2CCl4+HCl在光照条件下甲烷还可以跟溴蒸气
3、发生取代反应，甲烷不能使酸性KMnO4溶液、溴水或溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色。烯烃：乙烯氧化反应（）燃烧C2H4+3O22CO2+2H2O（火焰明亮，有黑烟）（）被酸性KMnO4溶液氧化，能使酸性KMnO4溶液褪色。加成反应CH2CH2Br2CH2BrCH2Br（能使溴水或溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色）在一定条件下，乙烯还可以与H2、Cl2、HCl、H2O等发生加成反应CH2CH2H2CH3CH3CH2CH2HClCH3CH2Cl（氯乙烷）CH2CH2H2OCH3CH2OH（制乙醇）加聚反应 nCH2CH2CH2CH2n（聚乙烯）乙烯能使酸性KMnO4溶液、溴水或溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色。常利用该反应鉴别烷烃和
4、烯烃，如鉴别甲烷和乙烯。苯氧化反应（燃烧）2C6H615O212CO26H2O（火焰明亮，有浓烟）取代反应苯环上的氢原子被溴原子、硝基取代。Br2HBr HNO3H2O加成反应3H2苯不能使酸性KMnO4溶液、溴水或溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色。4、同系物、同分异构体、同素异形体、同位素比较。概念同系物同分异构体同素异形体同位素定义结构相似，在分子组成上相差一个或若干个CH2原子团的物质分子式相同而结构式不同的化合物的互称由同种元素组成的不同单质的互称质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子的互称分子式不同相同元素符号表示相同，分子式可不同结构相似不同不同研究对象化合物化合物单质原子6、烷烃的命名：
5、（1）普通命名法：把烷烃泛称为“某烷”，某是指烷烃中碳原子的数目。110用甲，乙，丙，丁，戊，已，庚，辛，壬，癸；11起汉文数字表示。区别同分异构体，用“正”，“异”，“新”。正丁烷，异丁烷；正戊烷，异戊烷，新戊烷。（2）系统命名法：命名步骤：(1)找主链最长的碳链(确定母体名称)；(2)编号靠近支链（小、多）的一端；(3)写名称先简后繁,相同基请合并.名称组成：取代基位置取代基名称母体名称阿拉伯数字表示取代基位置，汉字数字表示相同取代基的个数CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3CHCHCH32甲基丁烷 2，3二甲基丁烷7、比较同类烃的沸点:一看：碳原子数多沸点高。碳原子数相同，二看：支链多沸点低。
6、常温下，碳原子数14的烃都为气体。二、烃的衍生物1、乙醇和乙酸的性质比较有机物饱和一元醇饱和一元醛饱和一元羧酸通式CnH2n+1OHCnH2n+1COOH代表物乙醇乙醛乙酸结构简式CH3CH2OH或 C2H5OHCH3CHOCH3COOH官能团羟基：OH醛基：CHO羧基：COOH物理性质无色、有特殊香味的液体，俗名酒精，与水互溶，易挥发（非电解质）有强烈刺激性气味的无色液体，俗称醋酸，易溶于水和乙醇，无水醋酸又称冰醋酸。用途作燃料、饮料、化工原料；用于医疗消毒，乙醇溶液的质量分数为75有机化工原料，可制得醋酸纤维、合成纤维、香料、燃料等，是食醋的主要成分有机物主要化学性质乙醇与Na的反应2CH
7、3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa+H2乙醇与Na的反应（与水比较）：相同点：都生成氢气，反应都放热不同点：比钠与水的反应要缓慢结论：乙醇分子羟基中的氢原子比烷烃分子中的氢原子活泼，但没有水分子中的氢原子活泼。氧化反应（）燃烧CH3CH2OH+3O22CO2+3H2O（）在铜或银催化条件下：可以被O2氧化成乙醛（CH3CHO）2CH3CH2OH+O22CH3CHO+2H2O消去反应CH3CH2OHCH2CH2+H2O乙醛氧化反应：醛基(CHO)的性质与银氨溶液，新制Cu(OH)2反应CH3CHO2Ag(NH3)2OHCH3COONH4H2O 2Ag3NH3（银氨溶液）CH3CHO + 2
8、Cu(OH)2CH3COOHCu2O2H2O（砖红色）醛基的检验：方法1：加银氨溶液水浴加热有银镜生成。方法2：加新制的Cu(OH)2碱性悬浊液加热至沸有砖红色沉淀乙酸具有酸的通性：CH3COOHCH3COOH使紫色石蕊试液变红；与活泼金属，碱，弱酸盐反应，如CaCO3、Na2CO3酸性比较：CH3COOH H2CO32CH3COOHCaCO32(CH3COO)2CaCO2H2O（强制弱）酯化反应CH3COOHC2H5OH CH3COOC2H5H2O酸脱羟基醇脱氢三、基本营养物质食物中的营养物质包括：糖类、油脂、蛋白质、维生素、无机盐和水。人们习惯称糖类、油脂、蛋白质为动物性和植物性食物中的基
9、本营养物质。种类元代表物代表物分子糖类单糖C H O葡萄糖C6H12O6葡萄糖和果糖互为同分异构体单糖不能发生水解反应果糖双糖C H O蔗糖C12H22O11蔗糖和麦芽糖互为同分异构体能发生水解反应麦芽糖多糖C H O淀粉(C6H10O5)n淀粉、纤维素由于n值不同，所以分子式不同，不能互称同分异构体能发生水解反应纤维素油脂油C H O植物油不饱和高级脂肪酸甘油酯含有CC键，能发生加成反应，能发生水解反应脂C H O动物脂肪饱和高级脂肪酸甘油酯CC键，能发生水解反应蛋白质C H ON S P等酶、肌肉、毛发等氨基酸连接成的高分子能发生水解反应主要化学性质葡萄糖结构简式：CH2OHCHOHCHO
10、HCHOHCHOHCHO或CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO （含有羟基和醛基）醛基：使新制的Cu(OH)2产生砖红色沉淀测定糖尿病患者病情与银氨溶液反应产生银镜工业制镜和玻璃瓶瓶胆羟基：与羧酸发生酯化反应生成酯蔗糖水解反应：生成葡萄糖和果糖淀粉纤维素淀粉、纤维素水解反应：生成葡萄糖淀粉特性：淀粉遇碘单质变蓝油脂水解反应：生成高级脂肪酸（或高级脂肪酸盐）和甘油蛋白质水解反应：最终产物为氨基酸颜色反应：蛋白质遇浓HNO3变黄（鉴别部分蛋白质）灼烧蛋白质有烧焦羽毛的味道（鉴别蛋白质）赠送以下资料英语万能作文(模板型）Along with the advance of the society more
11、and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that.随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是_。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法)As society develops, people
12、 are attaching much importance to.随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。As to whether it is worthwhile ., there is a long-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have d
13、ivergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得_的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that.最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心_。The human race has entered
14、a completely new stage in its history, with the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。. plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world, the
15、re comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?_显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是：我们该如何抉择?Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges,现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。The con
16、troversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.说到_，有人认为_，而另一些人则认为_。Just as the saying goes: so many people, so many minds. It is
17、quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.俗话说，。不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that.万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，_。When it comes to ., mo
18、st people believe that ., but other people regard .as .提到_问题，很多人认为_，不过，一些人则认为_是_.When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but other people think as.提到_问题，仅少数人认为_，但另一些人则认为_。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . There who criticize .argue that ., they believe that .,but
19、people who favor ., on the other hand, argue that.目前，_问题争议较大。批判_的人认为_，他们认为_，不过，另一方面，赞同_的人则认为_。Some people are of the opinion that. 有些人认为_。Many people claim that. 很多人认为_。A majority of 绝大多数A large number of 很多人Some people contend that . has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)有些人认为_有很多有利之处(
20、不利之处)。Those who argue for . say that .economic development of the cities.觉得_的人认为，_ 城市的经济发展。Some people advocate that .有些人在坚持认为_。They hold that . 他们认为_。People, who advocate that ., have their sound reasons (grounds)坚持认为_的人也有其说法(依据)。Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise
21、of it. 那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。Those who strongly approve of . have cogent reasons for it.强烈认同_的人有很多原因。Many people would claim that. 有人会认为_。People who support . give some or all of the following reasons.那些支持_观点的人列出了如下原因：_。But others hold the view that .但是，另外一些人则认为_。观点的用词：Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组：Take,
22、have, come up with，set forth, put forward等。But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that.,.不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_。But people who are ., on the other hand , maintain that.不过，另一方面，_的人认为_。However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning
23、 this case.然而，很多人对此有不同的看法。问题用词：Issue, phenomenon，后接介词, on, over等。However, some others argue that. 然而，另一些人则认为_。However, there are also some others who contend that.然而，也有人认为_。But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case.不过，对于此，另一些人则持完全不同的观点。Some people examine
24、this issue from another angle.有的人用另一角度来看这一问题。On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly .另一方面，也有很多反对的人，他们认为_。According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer . rather than.根据我的个性以及兴趣，我选择_而不会选择_。Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion.就我个人而言，我支持后者(前者)_。Personall
25、y, I am in favor of the former point of view.就我个人而言，我较同意前一种看法。To my point of view 我认为To my mind, the advantages far overweigh the drawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings)我认为，优点胜过缺点。For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that.就我而言，我较赞同后一种观点_。As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on
26、the side of the latter view.在我看来，我较同意后一种观点。After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of the latter view that. 经过深思熟虑，我较支持后一种看法，亦即_。If asked to make a decision, I would prefer.如果真的需要作出选择，我宁愿_。展现问题篇问题的常用词：question, problem, issueRecently, the issue of . has been brought into public fo
27、cus.近来，_的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practice.现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很大改变。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.近来，是否_的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heated discussion all over the country._的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。At present, some people think .while others claim .Both sides have the
