1、Thomas CarlyleThomas Carlyle.Photo by Elliott & Fry circa 1860sBorn4 December 1795(1795-12-04)Ecclefechan, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland1Died5 February 1881(1881-02-05) (aged85)London, EnglandOccupationEssayist, satirist, historianLiterary movementVictorian literature, RomanticismThomas Carlyle (4
2、 December 1795 5 February 1881) was a Scottish satirical writer, essayist, historian and teacher during the Victorian era.1 He called economics the dismal science, wrote articles for the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, and became a controversial social commentator.Coming from a strict Calvinist family, Carl
3、yle was expected to become a preacher by his parents, but while at the University of Edinburgh, he lost his Christian faith. Calvinist values, however, remained with him throughout his life. This combination, of a religious temperament with loss of faith in traditional Christianity, made Carlyles wo
4、rk appealing to many Victorians who were grappling with scientific and political changes that threatened the traditional social order.Contents 1 Early life and influences 2 Writings o 2.1 Early writings o 2.2 Sartor Resartus o 2.3 The French Revolution o 2.4 Heroes and Hero Worship o 2.5 The Everlas
5、ting Yea and No o 2.6 Worship of Silence and Sorrow o 2.7 Frederick the Great o 2.8 Later work 3 Private life o 3.1 Marriage o 3.2 Later life o 3.3 Death o 3.4 Biography 4 Influence 5 Works 6 Definitions 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 See also 10 External links Early life and influencesBirthplace of Thoma
6、s CarlyleCarlyle was born in Ecclefechan, Dumfries and Galloway,.1 His parents determinedly afforded him an education at Annan Academy, Annan, where he was bullied and tormented so much that he left after three years.2 In early life, his familys (and his nations) strong Calvinist beliefs powerfully
7、influenced the young man.After attending the University of Edinburgh, Carlyle became a mathematics teacher, first in Annan and then in Kirkcaldy, where Carlyle became close friends with the mystic Edward Irving. (Confusingly, there is another Scottish Thomas Carlyle, born a few years later and also
8、connected to Irving, through his work with the Catholic Apostolic Church.)In 18191821, Carlyle returned to the University of Edinburgh, where he suffered an intense crisis of faith and conversion that would provide the material for Sartor Resartus (The Tailor Retailored), which first brought him to
9、the publics notice.Carlyle developed a painful stomach ailment, possibly gastric ulcers (which pseudo-medicine of the time attributed to this crisis of faith4), that remained throughout his life and contributed to his reputation as a crotchety, argumentative, and somewhat disagreeable personality.Hi
10、s prose style, famously cranky and occasionally savage, helped cement a reputation of irascibility.5He began reading deeply in German literature.1 Carlyles thinking was heavily influenced by German Idealism, in particular the work of Johann Gottlieb Fichte. He established himself as an expert on Ger
11、man literature in a series of essays for Frasers Magazine, and by translating German writers, notably Goethe (the novel Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre).1 He also wrote Life of Schiller (1825).1In 1826, Thomas Carlyle married Jane Baillie Welsh, herself a writer, whom he had met in 1821,1 during his peri
12、od of German studies.His home in residence for much of his early life, after 1828, was a farm in Craigenputtock, a house in Dumfrieshire, Scotland where he wrote many of his works.1 He often wrote about his life at Craigenputtock, It is certain that for living and thinking in I have never since foun
13、d in the world a place so favourable. How blessed, might poor mortals be in the straitest circumstances if their wisdom and fidelity to heaven and to one another were adequately great!.At the Craigenputtock farm, Carlyle also wrote some of his most distinguished essays, and he began a lifelong frien
14、dship with the American essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson.1 In 1834, Carlyle moved to the Chelsea, London section of London, where he was then known as the Sage of Chelsea and became a member of a literary circle which included the essayists Leigh Hunt and John Stuart Mill.1In London, Carlyle wrote The F
15、rench Revolution: A History (3 volumes, 1837), as a historical study concerning oppression of the poor, which was immediately successful. That was the start of many other writings in London.WritingsEarly writingsBy 1821, Carlyle had abandoned the clergy as a career and focused on making a life as a
16、writer. His first attempt at fiction was Cruthers and Jonson, one of several abortive attempts at writing a novel. Following his work on a translation of Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship,1 he came to distrust the form of the realistic novel and so worked on developing a new form of fiction. In addition
