1、兽医寄生虫学复习修改General review(总复习)1.名词解释( 10%); 2.填空 (20%); 3.选择 20%; 4.问答 30%; 5.实物标本 20%其中70%中文题、中文解答；30%英文题、英文或中文解答，用中文解答分数减半.Basic concepts Parasite and host Parasite: a parasite is a smaller organism that lives in or on and at the expense of a large organism temporarily or permanently.Host: A host i
2、s a larger organism that is parasitized by a parasite temporarily or permanently.Ectoparasites: ectoparasites are organisms that live on the outside of their hosts, usually attached to the skin, feathers and hair.Endoparasites: endoparasites are parasites living within their hosts, in the gut, body
3、cavity, lungs or other tissues. facultative parasites：facultative parasites are organisms which can live either a parasitic or non-parasitic existence.obligate parasites：obligate parasites are organisms which are obligated to live a parasitic existence and incapable of surviving outside the host env
4、ironment.Stenoxenous parasites: these are organisms that inhabit in only one particular species of host. Polyxenous parasites: these are parasites that can infect more than one species of host.Permanent parasites: these are parasites whose every life cycle stage is dependent on the hosts, and whose
5、life will terminate if being separated from the hosts. Temporary parasites：these are organisms that live on the hosts for only a very short period of time in their life cycle.Soil-borne parasites：biological parasites：opportunistic pathogenic parasites：these are parasities that do not cause any damag
6、e to the host under normal circustances but will become pathogenic when the immue fuction of the hosts is attacked or compromised. Intermediate hosts: intermediate hosts are the hosts in which the larval stages or asexual stages of parasite develop and inhabit in. Some parasites may need more than o
7、ne intermediate hosts. Final hosts :final hosts are organisms in which the adults or sexual stages develop and parasitize.Paratenic or transport hostsReservoir hosts: reservoir hosts are organisms in which a parasite that is pathogenic to some other species lives and multiplies without doing serious
8、 damage to these organisms.Carrying hosts (带虫宿主) Vector: vector is a transmitter of pathogenic parasites from host to host.1 host tick：one-host tick where the entire parasitic development from larvae to adult takes place on one host. 2 host tick：two-host ticks where larvae and nymphs occour on one h
9、ost and the adults on the another.3 host tick：three-host ticks where each stage of development takes place on different hosts.infective stage：prepatent period： 2、Taxonomy and Nomenclature of ParasitesMajor taxa(分类阶元) Kingdom (界) , Phylum (门), Class (纲), Order (目) , Family (科), Genus (属), species (种)
10、Binomial nomenclature (双名制命名法) genus name species nameeg. Haemonchus contortus (捻转血矛线虫) 3、Classification of ParasitesParasites can be roughly divided into three categories: helminth (蠕虫), protozoa (原虫) and arthropod (节肢动物) Helminthes (蠕虫) include trematodes (吸虫), cestodes (绦虫), nematodes (线虫) and ac
11、anthocephalids (棘头虫)4、Classification of Nematodes (线虫的分类) Phylum Nemathelminthes ( 线形动物门) 尾感器纲(Phasmidia)：杆形目(Rhabditata),蛔目(Ascaridata) ,尖尾目(Oxyurata) ,圆线目(Strongylata),旋尾目(Spirurata) ,丝虫目(Filariata),驼形目(Camallanata) 无尾感器纲(Aphasmidia)： 毛尾目(Trichurata) ,膨结目(Dioctophymata) 5、Classification of Tremato
12、des (吸虫的分类)Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门 Digenea (复殖目) Fasciolidae (片形科) Paramphistomatidae (同盘科) Dicrocoeliidae (双腔科) Schistosomatidae (分体科) Opisthorchiidae (后睾科) Prosthogonimidae (前殖科) Echinostomatidae (棘口科) Notocotylidae (背孔科) 6、Classification of Cestodes (绦虫的分类)Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门 Cestoidea 绦虫纲 Pseudo
13、phyllidea假叶目 Cyclophyllidea圆叶目 Taeniidae (带科) ,Dilepididae (双壳科) Anoplocephalidae (裸头科), Davaineidae (戴文科) ,Hymenolepididae (膜壳科) 7、Classification of Protozoa原虫的分类（1）.Phylum Apicomplex (Sporozoa)顶复门 (孢子虫) Order Eucoccidia (“Coccidia”) (真球虫目) Order Haemosporida (血孢子虫目) （2）. Phylum Sarcomastigophora (
14、肉足鞭毛门)Subphylum Sarcodina (肉足虫亚门) (“Amoeba”) Subphylum Mastigophora (鞭毛虫亚门) （3）.Phylum Ciliophora (“Ciliates”) (纤毛虫门) 、Classification of Arthopodes (节肢动物的分类)Arthropoda (节肢动物门)Insecta (昆虫纲)Flies, lice and fleas (双翅目昆虫、虱及蚤)Arachnida (蛛形纲)Ticks and mites (蜱及蟎)、Morphology of TrematodesCharacteristic str
15、uctures of Digenetic Trematode are 1 or 2 suckers. The oral sucker at the anterior end surrounds the mouth.The ventral sucker is on the ventral surface.、The Life Cycle of Digenetic Trematodes Needs one to two intermediate hosts The first one: snails (螺); The second one: fish or arthropods (鱼或节肢动物)St
16、ages of Life Cycle (生活史各期)卵 (egg) ,毛蚴(miracidium) ,胞蚴(sporocyst) , 雷蚴 (redia),尾蚴 (cercaria),囊蚴 (metacercaria) 成虫 (adult) 、The Basic Life Cycle of Cestodesinvolve larval development in 1 or 2 intermediate hosts.Morphology of Cestodes (绦虫的形态)Tapeworms consist of 3 regions: a. Scolex(头节), b. Neck (颈节),
17、 c. Strobila(链体) immature proglottids (幼节) mature proglottids (成节) gravid proglottids (孕节)、Characteristics of NematodaBody is non-segmented, elongate, and circular in cross-section (i.e. the name roundworm). Digestive tract is complete, including mouth (口),pharynx (咽), esophagus (食道), intestine (肠管)
18、 and anus (肛门)Male system is a single tubule(单管型), the female reproductive organs are doubled(双管型) 、Basic Life Cycle of NematodesThere are four molts in the complete life cycle and the individual larval stage is designated L1 (first stage larvae), L2, L3, L4 and L5. L5 is the immature adult.Type of
19、life cyclesDirect Life Cycle (without an intermediate host) (直接型) and Indirect Life Cycle (with an intermediate host) (间接型) 、The Development of ProtozoaAsexual reproduction (无性生殖) Binary fission (二分裂法); Multiple fission or Schizogony(复分裂或裂殖生殖) ; Budding (出芽生殖)Sexual reproduction (有性生殖) Conjugation (
20、接合生殖) Gametogony (配子生殖) 、Morphology of Tick and MiteThe body consists of 2 regions: 1. Capitulum(假头) 2. Idiosoma(躯体). Capitulum consists of: Pedipalps(须肢) , Chelicerae(螯肢) and Hypostome(口下板)、Characteristics of Insecta（1）. 3 body parts - head , thorax, Abdomen（2）. Head contains eyes, mouth parts and
21、1 pair of antennae.（3）. thorax possesses 3 segments, each with a pair of legs. Wings may or may not be present; extend from last 2 segments if present.（4）. Abdomen contains copulatory organs、Development of the arthropodsPossess 2 types of metamorphosis(变态): a. Incomplete: egglarvanymph （若虫） adult b.
22、 Complete: egglarvapupa（蛹） adultDevelopment of ticks, mites and lice belong to incomplete metamorphosis, whereas bipteran insects and flea belong to complete metamorphosis.、Key links in the prevalence of parasitic diseases1)Source of infection(感染源), 2)Route of infection(感染途径),3)Susceptible animals(易
23、感动物)感染途径: 经口、经皮肤、接触感染、胎盘感染、Prevailing features and Distribution rulePrevailing features (流行特点)：Endemicity (地区性) Seasonality (季节性) Sporadicity (散发性) Natural nidus (自然疫源性) Distribution rule of parasites (寄生虫分布规律)：Regional distribution(地区性分布)Global distribution(全球性分布)、Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease1. 临
24、床诊断: 流行病学分析、临床症状观察、病理学检查2. 病原学诊断: 粪、尿、血、组织液的检查以及体表及皮屑的检查3. 辅助性诊断: 动物接种、诊断性治疗、X光及穿刺检查4. 免疫学诊断: IHA, IFAT, ELISA等5. 基因诊断: PCR-based methodsFAECAL EXAMINATION include: direct smear, flotation and sedimentation method、Control of parasitic diseases The basic principles ：Treatment of the source of infecti
25、on (控制传染源)The blockade of the route of infection (切断传播途径)The protection of the susceptible animals (保护易感动物)、寄生虫病的防控措施驱虫: 1.治疗性驱虫, 2.预防性驱虫(定期或长期给药)环境卫生1. 粪便管理,2.消灭中间宿主或传播媒介, 3.安全放牧饲养卫生1.保持饲草,饮水卫生;2.禁止以生鱼虾,蝌蚪以及贝类饲喂动物;3.勿用牛羊屠宰废弃物喂犬;4.注意个人卫生免疫预防: 人工接种疫苗生物防制: 利用天敌来消灭寄生虫、Schistosomiasis Control(example)(血
26、吸虫病的控制)猪的寄生虫病、猪的人兽共患寄生虫主要有哪些?请说出它们是怎样传播给人的? 吸虫类: 华枝睾吸虫、布氏姜片吸虫 绦虫类: 猪囊尾蚴 线虫类: 旋毛虫 原虫类: 刚第弓形虫传播给人的途径方法：华枝睾吸虫：人由于吞食含有囊蚴的生鱼、虾或未煮熟的鱼或虾而遭受感染的。布氏姜片吸虫：人吃了附有囊蚴生菱角等而感染猪囊尾蚴：人吃了生的或未煮熟的囊尾蚴的猪肉后而感染旋毛虫：主要是嗜食生肉或肉品烹调不当，误食含有活的旋毛虫包囊所致。刚第弓形虫：人体感染是吃到肉、乳、蛋中的速殖子及污染蔬菜的卵囊和逗弄猫时吃到卵囊，经常接触动物的人，也可从感染动物的渗出液、排泄物等获得感染。分类名称寄生部位中间宿主终末
27、宿主感染阶段诊断阶段防治药物吸虫姜片吸虫小肠扁卷螺人、猪囊蚴虫卵吡喹酮、敌百虫、别丁华枝睾吸虫胆囊、胆管第一、淡水螺第二、鱼、虾人、猪、狗囊蚴虫卵吡喹酮、丙酸哌嗪、丙硫苯咪唑绦虫囊尾蚴横纹肌、心、脑、眼、小肠（成虫）猪、狗、猫人囊尾蚴吡喹酮、丙硫苯咪唑细颈囊尾蚴肝脏浆膜、网膜、肠系膜猪、牛、羊犬、狼吡喹酮、硫双二氯酚棘球蚴肝、肺猪、牛、羊犬线虫旋毛虫成虫：小肠、幼虫：横纹肌人、猪、犬、猫、鼠人、猪、犬、猫、鼠丙硫咪唑、甲苯咪唑颚口线虫胃剑水蚤贮藏：鱼、蛙猪感染性幼虫胚卵敌百虫、丙硫咪唑、伊维菌素冠尾线虫肾脏、输尿管猪感染性第3期幼虫虫卵后圆线虫气管、支气管蚯蚓猪感染性第3期幼虫虫卵食道口线虫结
28、肠猪感染性第3期幼虫虫卵毛首线虫大肠（结肠）猪含1期幼虫虫卵刚排出虫卵丙硫咪唑、伊维菌素、蛔虫小肠不需要贮藏：蚯蚓猪感染性虫卵刚排出虫卵左旋咪唑、丙硫咪唑、伊维菌素、多拉菌素棘头虫蛭形巨吻小肠蛴螬猪、狗、猫感染性棘头囊粪便中含胚胎虫卵左旋咪唑原虫弓形虫各种组织人畜、野生动物猫磺胺类、乙胺嘧啶球虫肠上皮细胞猪磺胺药、小袋纤毛虫大肠人、猪包囊呋喃唑酮、灭滴灵住肉孢子虫横纹肌、心肌猪人包囊外寄生虫疥螨皮肤猪敌百虫、双甲咪、螨净、伊维菌素、多拉菌素蠕形螨毛囊、皮脂腺猪猪血虱体表猪、在散养条件下猪的常见寄生虫有哪些？请分别说出它们的寄生部位、中间宿主或终末宿主、感染性阶段和诊断性阶段名称，防治猪的各类寄
29、生虫常用的药物有哪些？1.吸虫: 布氏姜片吸虫,华枝睾吸虫2.绦虫: 猪囊尾蚴,细颈囊尾蚴,裂头蚴 3.线虫: 旋毛虫,猪蛔虫, 食道口线虫,毛首线虫, 类圆 线虫, 后圆线虫, 有齿冠尾线虫, 颚口线虫, 猪圆线虫4.棘头虫: 蛭形巨吻棘头虫5.原虫: 刚第弓形虫,猪球虫, 结肠小袋纤毛虫6.外寄生虫: 猪疥螨,猪蠕形螨,猪血虱 、在集约化饲养管理条件下猪的常见寄生虫有哪些？他们是怎样感染的? 如何诊断和防治？Ascaris suum(猪蛔虫)Oesophagostomum sp.(食道口线虫)Trichuris suis(猪毛首线虫)Strongyloides ransomi（兰氏类圆线虫
30、）Toxoplasma gondii(刚第弓形虫)Coccidia(Isospora suis猪等孢球虫, Eimeria spp.艾美耳球虫)Balantidium coli( 结肠小袋纤毛虫)Sarcoptes scabiei var.suis(猪疥螨)猪主要是吃了被这些寄生虫的虫卵、卵囊或包囊污染的饲料或饮水而感染的，猪疥螨是通过与病猪或用具的接触而感染的。生前诊断是从流行病学分析，临床症状观察和病原检查三方面进行，死后诊断可结合剖检。防治：1）驱虫：线虫和疥螨可用伊维菌素，弓形虫和球虫可用磺胺类，小袋纤毛虫可用灭滴灵；2）环境卫生；3）加强饲养管理反刍兽寄生虫病、反刍兽的人兽共患寄生虫主要有哪些? 它们是怎样感染的? 如何诊断和防治？吸虫: 日本血吸虫, 肝片吸虫； 绦虫: 牛囊尾蚴, 棘球蚴； 原虫: 隐孢子虫反刍兽主要是吞食了被这些寄生虫虫卵、卵囊、囊蚴污染了的草、料和饮水，或是接触了被血吸虫尾蚴污染的疫水而感染的。 生前诊断是从流行病学分析、临床症状，病原学检查，免疫学及分子生物学检查，实验室检查等方面进行，棘球蚴的生前诊断比较困难。死
