1、The Way to Rainy Mountain,N.Scott Momaday,Para.1,A lyrical description of the authors ancestral land,which is important for him to search his identity.The land-embodiment of the tribal historyThe Kiowa warriors are dead;the culture has almost disappeared;only the land remains.Visible,to remind you o
2、f the past and evoke your imagination,The hardest weather in RM,Winter-blizzards 暴风雪Spring-tornadic winds龙卷风Summer-an anvils edge 砧缘一样热和硬Grass-brittle,brown,又脆又黄 cracks裂开的声音,foliage,植物的叶子(总称);叶子及梗和枝Most trees lose their foliage in winter.大多数树木在冬天落叶。green叶绿色foliage leaf营养叶foliage plant观叶植物,writhe,To
3、twist and turn the body as in agony.因极度痛苦而)扭动或翻滚He was writhing on the ground in agony.他痛苦地在地上打滚。,Knoll n.A small rounded hill or mound;a hillock.Blizzard n.A very heavy snowstorm with high winds.大风雪Grove n.A small wood or stand of trees that lacks dense undergrowth.小树林hickory山核桃：一种山核桃 属的北美洲落叶乔木，树皮光
4、滑或粗糙，复叶，果实或坚果坚硬光滑，中间有可食用的种子，种子外包了一层可裂成四片的外皮 Prairie n.An extensive area of flat or rolling,predominantly treeless grassland,especially the large tract or plain of central North America.大草原Anvil n.解砧骨,Witch hazel n.Any of several deciduous shrubs or small trees of the genus Hamamelis,especially H.vir
5、giniana,of eastern North America,having yellow flowers that bloom in late autumn or winter.金缕梅Willow n.柳树,柳木制品,At a distance in July or August.in fire.从远处望去，七、八月里的树叶热得冒烟，犹如在火中挣扎。.poping up like corn to sting the flesh.像玉米花一样爆裂开，刺得人痛。All things in the plain.in the eye.平原上的一切都是疏离开来的，所见之物不会混杂在一起让人看不清楚。
6、,To look upon that landscape.of proportion.,清晨，太阳在你的背后冉冉升起，此时观看大地，你就会失去平时的比例感。,Your imagination comes to life,and this you think,is the where Creation was begun.,The landscape makes your imagination vivid and lifelike,and you believe that the creation of the whole universe was begun right here.Creat
7、ion,not the Creation:the creating of the universe as a Kiowa imagines.,Function of Para.2,In the second paragraph the author explains his purpose of his visit to Rainy Mountain:to be at his grandmothers grave.This paragraph serves as a transitional link between the description of the land in the fir
8、st paragraph and the narration of his grandmothers and his peoples stories in the following paragraphs.,in death her face was that of a child.,Life is but a circle,one begins as a child and ends like a child,and in death one returns to where one begins,infirm adj 1 physically weak(esp from old age o
9、r illness)体弱的,虚弱的,衰弱的（尤指因年迈或疾病）:walk with infirm steps 迈着虚弱的步子行走.2 of sth(fml 文)without strength of sth 欠缺某方面的力量:infirm of purpose,will,etc,ie not purposeful,not resolute 目的不明确、意志不坚强.,Main idea of para.3,This paragraph sums up the history of the Kiowas as a Plains Native culturethe golden time and t
10、he decline in their history,headwater n.Often headwaters The water from which a river rises;a source.河源：一条河流的发源处；水源fork n.(道路、河流等的)分岔,岔路,支流,Preeminent adj.Superior to or notable above all others;outstanding.But warfare for the Kiowas.rather than of survival.Meaning:Warfare was important for the Kiow
11、as more because of their militant tendency than because of their need of survival.The Kiowas often fought just because they were good warriors,because they fought out of habit,character,nature,not because they needed extra lands or material gains for the sake of surviving and thriving.,grim,adj.严酷的,
12、无情的His expression was grim when he told them they had lost their jobs.当他告诉他们说他们已被解雇时,他的表情十分冷酷。讨厌的,糟糕的Ive had a grim day.我过了不愉快的一天。,unrelenting adj.持续不断的,不松懈的,不屈不挠的He was unrelenting in his pursuit of legal mandate.他坚决要求得到合法的托管权。,ill-provisioned:without adequate suplies,esp.food.pillage:the act of pl
13、undering掠夺,抢劫corral n.(家畜用的)畜栏,畜槛(pen)brood v.to keep thinking about something that you are worried or upset about:-Dont sit at home brooding all day./brood over/about/on/-Theres no point brooding over it-shes gone./,My grandmother was sparedten years,but she must have know affliction of defeat（para
14、.3）,Luckily,my grandma did not suffer the humiliation of being put into a closure for holding animals,for she was born eight or ten years after the event.From her early childhood,she must have heard what had happened from her parents and grandparents.Therefore she must have known the great pain and
15、distress brought by defeat,and she must have seen how they had kept thinking about their defeat in a gloomy and hopeless way.,main idea of para.4,This paragraph is about how the Kiowas migrated from western Montana and how the migration transformed the Kiowas.Like Para.3,this part uses the authors g
16、randmothers story as focal point,but quickly moves on to the story of the Kiowas people.The use of words like“she belonged to the last culture”and“her forebears”smoothes the transition.,It was a long journey toward the dawn,and it led to a golden age.(para.4),They moved toward the east,where the sun
17、 rises,and also toward the beginning of a new culture,which led to the greatest moment in their history.Dawn:daybreak,beginning of a new era in their history,and their ancient nomadic spirit was suddenly free of the ground,As a nomadic people,they had no permanent home and were constantly on the mov
18、e.When they lived in the mountains in Montana,they had no horses and therefore they had to walk on foot all the time.In a sense they were tied to the ground.Now they were able to ride on horseback.This gave them a freedom of movement,thus completely liberating their ancient nomadic spirit.nomadic a.
19、游牧的;游牧生活的,the object and symbol of worship他们的崇拜物和象征物。Sun Dance(see Note 12)from one point of view:in a sense,in a way,From one point of view.from a sunless world.,In a sense,their migration confirmed the ancient myth that they entered the world from a hollow log,for they did emerge from the sunless
20、world of the mountains.,role of para.5,In this paragraph,the author returns to his grandmother again.Since she is the immediate reason for him to come to Rainy Mountain,she is the link between the author and his ancestors.,I wanted to see in reality.my pilgrimage.,1)in reality vs.in the minds eye 2)
21、pilgrimage n.朝圣(之旅程),进香,main idea of Para.6,The Kiowas felt a sense of confinement in Yellowstone,Montana,1)the top of the world:the best of the world世界上最好的地方2）But beautiful as it is,one might have the sense of confinement there.虽然黄石地区很美，但人们可能有受束缚、被禁锢的感觉。3）The sky in all directions is close at hand.
22、deep cleavage of shade.放眼望去，四周天际线近在咫尺，伸手可及。这天际线是一道树的高墙和一条条幽深的裂缝。,elk n.麇鹿badger n.獾The Kiowas reckoned their stature by the distance.in the wilderness.As hunters,it was very important for the Kiowas to be able to see far.So if a Kiowa could see very far,he would be respected by the fellow Kiowas.In
23、other words,their stature was measured by the distance they could see.Yet because of the dense forests,they could not see very far,and they could hardly stand straight.Thus the author says they bent and blind in the wilderness.,main idea of para.7,This paragraph is a depiction of the landscape which
24、 they came upon when they got out of the highlands in Montana.The new landscape is open,limitless and sunlit,allowing them a new vision into unknown distance.,In July the inland slope of the Rockies is luxuriant with the flax and.larkspur.,七月，落基山脉面向平原的内坡上长满了亚麻、荞麦、景天和翠雀等各类植物。,the sky is immense beyon
25、d all comparison,天空宽阔无比。beyond all comparison:无可比拟，无以伦比,Sweet clover takes hold of the hills.seal the soil.,草木犀长满了山丘，它低垂的枝叶盖到地上，密密地封住土壤。,When the Kiowas came to the land of the Crows,.after the solstices.,Kiowas人来到Crow人的土地上，他们在黎明时，隔着Bighorn河可以看到山的背阴处，明媚的阳光照在层层的庄稼地上。the oldest deity:the sunafter the
26、solstices:the sun plays the dominant role.solstice n.至;至日;至点,profusion,n.极丰富,大量浪费,挥霍慷慨大方a profusion of fruits on the market市场上大量的各种水果flowers blooming in profusion盛开的花朵He is liberal to profusion.他挥霍无度。,wean,使断奶使脱离,使疏远(from);使断绝(from)He was sent away to school to wean him from bad companions.送他上学,以便与坏
27、的伙伴断绝来往。Metaphorically,the Kiowas paused on their way,not in a hurry to go on toward the southeast because they wanted to give their bodies some time to get accustomed to the change of weather and other physical conditions.,main idea of para.8,In this paragraph the author describes Devils Tower and
28、tells the Kiowas legend about it.,At the top of a ridge I caught sight of Devils Tower.the world was begun.,在一座山脊顶上，我看到魔鬼塔高高插入灰蒙蒙的天空，似乎在时间诞生之时，地核开裂，宇宙的运动从此开始。,engender v.,to make a feeling or situation exist:The issue engendered controversy.problems engendered by the restructuring of the company,Two
29、 centuries ago,because they could not do otherwise,the Kiowas made a legend at the base of the rock.(para.8),They could not explain how Devils Tower was formed in scientific terms,the only thing they could do was to make up a story by imagination at the base of the rock.,From that moment,and so long
30、 as the legend livesin the night sky.,In the legend,the seven sisters are immortalized.With this legend,the Kiowas established a kinship with stars.Sun-Tai-meBig Dipper(大熊座内的北斗七星）-Devils tower,Whatever they were in the mountains,they could be no more.,They were a mountain people in Montana,and now t
31、hey had completely been transformed into a plains people.,main idea of para.9,In this paragraph,the author tells about the last days of the Sun Dance culture by using his grandmother as witness.,have come a long wany,to have developed or changed a lot.Psychiatry has come a long way since the 1920s.,
32、the restoration of her people in the presence of Tai-me,Tai-me was the most powerful medicine the Kiowas possessed.,consummate,vt.使结束,使完美We consummated an agreement after a year of negotiation.经过一年的谈判,我们达成了协议。,Before the dance could beginto disperse the tribe.(para.9),The u.s government perceived th
33、e sun dance as idolatry(偶像 邪神 崇拜)and therefore abolished it by force.For the kiowas people,the sun dance was their holiest religious ceremony.Forbidden to practice their own religion,they were cut off from the life-sustaining power of the sun.,Forbidden without cause the essential actfrom the medicine tree.,Without cause they were forbidden to perform the most important part of their religion.The
