1、强调是有效地进行思想交流的重要手段之一。人们在交际过程中，为了使自己的思想能为听者或读者恰当的理解，必须突出重要的内容，这就需要运用强调的手段。一、 强调手段在现代英语中，人们可以通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段来进行强调。A. 语音手段在口语中，人们可以根据交流的需要，通过语句重音来对不同的词语进行强调。例如 She speaks English well 这句话，可以通过语句重音来分别对不同的词进行强调。A Shall we ask Jennifer or Robin to host the English evening partyB Of course Jennifer. She sp
2、eaks English well. (重读She，强调“她”)A Jennifers been living in Australia for two years.B She speaks English well but her writing is not very good. (重读speaks，强调“说”)A Jennifer speaks French beautifully.B She speaks English well, too. (重读English，强调“英语”)A Do you think Jennifer is fit for the jobB Certainly.
3、 She speaks English well. (重读well，强调“好”)B. 词汇手段 人们常用一些形容词、副词、否定词等词汇手段来加强语气。1形容词very 放在the, this, that 或代词所有格my, his等后面, 强调后边所修饰的名词。You are the very person I want to chat with. 你就是我要聊天的那个人。He is the very picture of his father. 他活像他父亲。At that very moment the policemen came. 就在那时警察到了。2副词just 放在the, thi
4、s, that 或代词所有格my, his等前面，强调the, this, that，my, his所修饰的名词。This is just the book I am looking for. 这就是我在寻找的书。He is just the right person for the job. 他就是适合做这份工作的人。3用whatever, whenever, wherever 等分别加强what, when, where等词的语气。What is left over is yours. 剩下来的是你的。- Whatever is left over is yours. 剩下来所有的都是你的
5、。When did you find time to do it 你什么时候有空做这事？- Whenever did you find time to do it 你究竟什么时候有空做这事？Where are you going 你到哪里去？- Wherever are you going 你究竟到哪里去？Who can that be 那会是谁呢？hoever can that be 那究竟会是谁呢？4副词possibly 用于否定句或疑问句情态动词cancould后，加强否定或疑问的语气，有“无论如何, 不管怎样”的意思。We cannot do it. 那件事我们不能做。- We can
6、not possibly do it. 那件事我们无论如何也不能做。He cant forget it. 他不会忘记此事。- He cant possibly forget it. 他无论如何也不会忘记此事。Could he agree 他会同意吗？ould he possibly agree 难道他会同意吗？5副词simply 用于加强语气，表示“真正，的确，非常，简直，完全”等意思。It is beautiful. 这很美。- It is simply beautiful. 这的确是美。I cant go such stupid behavior. 我不能接受如此愚蠢的行为。I simpl
7、y cant go such stupid behavior. 对这种愚蠢的行为我实在忍受不了。6副词out, up, over 等加强语气。副词out 放在介词短语的前面, 指“较远”的地方，如郊区或远方农村等。I am living in the country. 我住在乡下。- I am living out in the country. 我住在乡下。We will sail to the island. 我们将出海前往该岛。-We will sail out to the island. 我们将出海远航，前往该岛。副词up 经常与go ,run, walk, come等动词连用，由远
8、及近地“从某处来”，“到某处去”。A stranger came to me and asked the way. 一个陌生人向我走来问路。- A stranger came up to me and asked the way. 一个陌生人走到我跟前来问路。Please bring the things to my office. 请把这些东西拿到我办公室来。- Please bring the things up to my office. 请把这些东西拿到我办公室来。副词over经常与go, run, walk, come等动词连用，强调跨越一段距离。I will go to his o
9、ffice and have a talk with him. 我要去他办公室和他谈谈。I will go over to his office and have a talk with him. 我要去他办公室和他谈谈。7. 将on earth, in the world, in heaven, under the sun 等短语放在what, when, which, who, where, how等词的后面，加强语气。When did you send the email to him？你什么时候发的电子邮件给他？- When on earth did you send the emai
10、l to him？你究竟是什么时候发电子邮件给他的？What do you mean by saying so 你这么说是什么意思？- What in heaven do you mean by saying so？你这么说到底是什么意思？Where could he be 他可能在哪里？-Where in the world could he be 他究竟在哪里？8用反身代词表示强调。You can go there yourself. 你自己可以去那里。The president himself will chair the meeting. 总统将亲自主持这个会议。I am a stra
11、nger here myself. 我自己在这里也是个陌生人。9much, far, by far, still, even, a great deal, a lot放在形容词或副词比较级的前面，用来加强语气。This building is much larger than that one. 这幢楼房比那幢楼房大得多。His composition is far better than mine. 他的作文比我的作文好多了。That would be a great deal better. 那就更好了。注意：by far 要放在最高级或带the的比较级前，但如果比较级前面无定冠词，by
12、far放在比较级前后均可。He is by far the tallest student in the class. 他是班上最高的学生。It is by far the longer river of the two. 这是两条河中较长的一条。This is better by far. 这个要好多了。10. 用重复某一个单词来表示强调。Its very, very unkind of you, isnt it 你非常非常不友善，不是吗？We waited and waited, but nothing happened. 我们等来等去，但什么事也没发生。I havent seen him
13、 for years and years and years. 我已经好几年没见到他了。11. 用not a single, not a bit, not simply, by no means 等短语来加强否定的语气。Shes not in the least angry with me. 她一点也不生我的气。I cant speak a single word of Japanese. 我就连一个日语单词也不会说。She is by no means diligent. 她根本不勤奋。比较：not a bit 一点也不(= not at all)；not a little 非常(= ver
14、y much)He was not a bit tired. 他一点不累。He was not a little tired. 他非常累。12. 用none来表示强调。 1This is none of your business. 这与你丝毫没有关系。He is none of my friends. 他决不是我的朋友。B. 语法手段1. 通过改变句子结构或颠倒正常语序的手段来进行强调。Happy are those who are content. 知足常乐。Never will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. 中国决不会第一个使用核武
15、器。Across the river lies a newly-built bridge. 河上有一座新建的桥。Hero as he is, he still remains modest. 尽管他是英雄，他仍然很谦虚。2. 用助动词do, does或did来强调谓语动词。Do come early. 一定早点来。He does know Beijing well. 他的确熟悉北京。He did tell me about it yesterday. 他昨天的确告诉了我这件事。3用修辞疑问句表示强调。疑问句转用作加强语气的陈述句，称之为修辞性疑问句。肯定的修辞疑问句其意义相当于强调的否定陈述句
16、；而否定的修辞疑问句其意义则相当于强调的肯定陈述句。Isnt it a modern school 难道这不是一所现代化的学校吗？（= It is really a modern school.）Can anyone doubt the truth of his statement 谁能怀疑他陈述的真实性？(= Surely no one can would doubt it.)Arent you ashamed of yourself 难道你不惭愧吗？(= You should be ashamed of yourself.)Who doesnt know the sun rises in
17、the east 谁不知道太阳从东方升起？(Everyone knows the sun rises in the east.)一、 it引导的强调结构“It is + 被强调部分 + thatwho + 句子其他部分”是使用最广的强调句型。除了谓语动词不能强调外，句子中其它成分，如主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语都可以用该句型中加以强调。A. 用强调结构强调句子成分1强调主语被强调的主语是人时，可用It iswas . thatwho .，但如果被强调的部分既包括人又包括物，只能用that。He bought a camera yesterday.- It was he thatwho boug
18、ht a camera yesterday. 是他昨天买了一架照相机。The famous writer and his works have aroused great interest among the students.- It is the famous writer and his works that have aroused great interest among the students. 在学生中引起极大的兴趣的正是这位著名作家以及他的作品。注意：强调“I”时谓语动词的变化形式。It is I who am to blame.It is me who is to blam
19、e. 是我该受到责怪。（非正式文体）2. 强调宾语She helped me yesterday.-It was me thatwhom she helped yesterday. 昨天她帮助的人是我。They often talk about the school and the teachers.-It is the school and the teachers that they often talk about. 他们经常谈论的是学校和老师。3.强调宾语补足语We elected him chairman of the meeting.- It was chairman of the
20、 meeting that we elected him. 我们选他是做会议的主席。We painted the wall white.It was white that we painted the wall. 我们把墙漆成的是白色。4. 强调状语英语中的状语种类很多,一般都可以用It iswas . that .来强调。时间状语He left his hometown for Taiwan in his teens. 他十几岁时就离开家乡去了台湾。- It was in his teens that he left his hometown for Taiwan. 他是在十几岁时离开家乡去
21、台湾的。He let out the secret after the guest had gone away. 客人走后, 他说出了秘密。- It was after the guest had gone away that he let out the secret. 是在客人走后,他才说出了秘密。提示如果强调由notuntil till 引导的时间状语时，要注意否定前移。He didnt return to his hometown until after liberation.- It was not until after liberation that he returned to
22、 his hometown. 他是解放后才回到他家乡的。频率状语He comes to see me once in a while.- It is once in a while that he comes to see me. 他现在是偶尔来看看我。地点状语The car accident happened in this street yesterday.- It was in this street that the car accident happened yesterday. 昨天就是在这条街上发生了汽车事故。方式状语They took care of their sick mo
23、ther by turns.- It was by turns that they took care of their sick mother. 他们轮流来照看生病的母亲。目的状语He got up early to catch the early bus.-It was to catch the early bus that he got up early. 是为了赶早班车，他才起得很早的。原因状语They could not cross the river because the water had risen.- It was because the water had risen t
24、hat they could not cross the river. 正是由于水涨了，他们没有渡过河去。提示：在强调结构It iswas .that .中，要用because来引导原因状语从句，不用since或as。（见第11章 状语从句）其他状语The tailor made a suit to my own measure.- It was to my own measure that the tailor made a suit. 裁缝是按我自己的尺寸做了一套衣服。with without 复合结构“with without+名词代词+其他成分”这种结构，也可以放在It iswas .
25、 that 中，成为被强调的部分。He was waiting for his son at the gate, with an umbrella in his hand.- It was with an umbrella in his hand that he was waiting for his son at the gate. 他是手里拿着一把伞在门口等待着他的儿子。She felt very nervous, with the teacher standing beside her.It was with the teacher standing beside her that sh
26、e felt very nervous. 是有老师站在她旁边，她才感到很紧张的。B强调句与定语从句、状语从句等其他句型的区别有时强调句在形式上和定语从句、状语从句很相似。我们除了从意思上进行区分外，还能根据强调句结构特点来进行判断，如能去掉It was .that . 后，句子仍然通顺，就是强调句。It was at the railway station that we first met 16 years ago.是在火车站我们16年前第一次相逢。（强调句，强调地点状语at the railway station）It was the railway station where we fi
27、rst met 16 years ago.这是我们16年前第一次相逢的火车站。（定语从句，where 是关系副词，在定语从句中做地点状语）It was in this street that the car accident happened the other day.前几天发生汽车事故的就是在这条街上。（强调句，强调地点状语in this street）It was this street where the car accident happened the other day.这是前几天汽车事故的那条街。（定语从句，where 是关系副词在定语从句中做地点状语）It was at mi
28、dnight that he got home yesterday.他昨天是半夜到家的。（强调句，强调时间状语at midnight）It was midnight when he got home yesterday.昨天他到家时已是半夜。（when引导的是时间状语从句，it 是代词，指时间）C. 强调句的一般疑问句和特殊疑问句1. 强调句的一般疑问句基本句型是：IsWas + it + that +句子其他成分？Did he see you in the office just now？- Was it in the office that he saw you just now？他见你的
29、地方是在办公室吗？Does he often go to the libraryIs it to the library that he often goes 他经常去的地方是图书馆吗？2. 强调句的特殊疑问句的基本句型是：特殊疑问词+ iswas + it + that + 句子其他成分When did you first go to the Great Wall？- When was it that you first went to the Great Wall？你究竟什么时候第一次去长城的？Where did you go last night- Who was it that tol
30、d you about it 究竟是谁告诉你这件事的？Why did you keep silent at the meeting？Why was it that you kept silent at the meeting？你究竟为什么在会上保持缄默？3. 含有情态动词强调句的疑问句结构： 一般疑问句基本句型是：情态动词或助动词+it+be+被强调的部分+that+句子其他成分？Could he be killed at home 他是在家被杀的吗？-Could it be at home that he was killed 他被杀的地方会是在家里吗？Might she leave her
31、 keys in the office 也许她把钥匙丢在办公室了-Might ti be in the office that she left her keys？ 也许她把钥匙丢在办公室了特殊疑问句基本句型是：特殊疑问词+情态动词或助动词+it+be+that+主语+句子其他成分Where might the accident happen？- Where might it be that the accident happened？可能是在什么地方发生这个事故的？Who can it be in the office now？- Who can it be that is in the office now？现在还在办公室里的会是谁呢？二、 what引导的强调结构用“what从句 + be + 被强调成分”或“被强调成分 + be + what从句”表示强调。John wants a good rest. 约翰想要好好休息一下。 -What John wants is a goo
