1、经济 国际贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 以色列高新技术产业本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目： The Isr ael High Tech-Industy -Fifty Year s ofExcellence处： Isr ael M nistr yOf RoreignAffairs 作 者： Nisso Cohen The Isr ael High-Tech Industr y -Fifty Year s ofExcellenceB y Nisso C oh enIsraelshigh-techindustry is experiencing an unprecedented rate ofg
2、rowth whichbeganintheearly1990s.Its growth is evidenced both in total sales - 1997 salestotaled $7.2 billion,a growth of 10.7% over1996 - andin exports - $5.6 billion in1997,agrowthof14.2%over1996.Thisisinacountrywithatotalpopulationoflessthansixmillion;GDP(1996)of$92.3billion;and exports(goodsandse
3、rvices,1996)of$31.3billion.Moreover,advancedtechnologies developed in Israel are in great demand, andmany Israeli-developed applications can now be found in the products ofmulti-national companies in the communications, computers, information systems,medicine,optics,consumergoodsandsoftwaresectors.O
4、riginsThe Israel high-tech industry was born with the State of Israel. In 1948, thenewly-created Israel Defense Forces established a branch called the Science Corps.The corpsdeveloped new arms, explosives, and a variety of electric and electronicappliancesfortheIDF.Israelsmilitaryindustrydevelopedat
5、arapidpace,meetingthecountrysneedsforarmamentsandtechnologieswhichitcouldnotobtainfromabroad.Duringthesameperiod,IsraeldevelopedwhatweretobecomethebestinstitutionsofeducationandscientificresearchintheMiddleEast.TheyincludetheTechnion-IsraelInstitute ofTechnology in Haifa, the WeizmannInstitute ofSci
6、encein Rehovot,theHebrew University inJerusalem, anduniversitiesinHaifa, BeerSheba, TelAvivandRamatGan.Inthe early sixties,Israel enteredthe nuclear era withthe establishmentof tw o nu cl ea r re sea rc h plants.ThefirstIsraeli computer was developed andassembled inthe early fifties at theWeizmannIn
7、stitute.Golem(dummy)was an all-tube computer, similar tothefirstcomputersdevelopedinthe US intheforties.Inthelate fiftiesandearly sixties,therewerealreadyseveral mainframe computersinIsrael, purchased fromIBM andPhilco.Those computers were used primarily by government ministries and institutions,uni
8、versitiesanda numberofbanks.Inthelatesixtiesandearly seventies,mainframeandminicomputerspenetratedthefinancialandbusinesssectors.During theeighties,manyIsraelisacquiredpersonalcomputers.T he H i g h-Te ch IndustryOnefactorintheexceptionalgrowthrateinthis industry in recentyears is Israelspercentageo
9、fengineers,theworldshighest,with135 engineersper10,000 persons,ascomparedto85per10,000personsintheUnited States.Anotherfactorhas beenthemanythousandsofskilledengineersandtechnicianswhohaveimmigratedfromtheformerSovietUnionsince1989.Moreover,advanced technologies that were originally developed and ut
10、ilized formilitarypurposesarenowbeingused fordevelopingcommercial productsforcivilianuse. With the downsizing of Israels defense industry - as a peace dividend -thousandsofskilledpersonnelhave left the defense industry since 1988. Many ofthem were absorbed into the civilian marketplace, while others
11、 formed start-upcompanieswhichlaterbecamesuccessfulhigh-techfirms.TheongoingsuccessoftheIsraelihigh-techindustry is reflected inthe local andforeignstockmarkets.In1996 Israeli firms provided the third largest number ofinitialpurchaseofferings(IPOs) on theNAS DAQ (over-the-counterstock exchange)inNew
12、York,aftertheUSandCanada,andthesecondlargestnumberofIPOsontherelatively new AIM (Alternative InvestmentMarket)inLondon(aftertheUK).ManyleadingAmericaninvestmenthouses and venture capital funds have established apresenceinIsrael in order to support Israeli high-tech firms and benefit from thecu rre n
13、t boom.Israelsleadersare proud of the countrys high-tech label and promote it. Theresultisthatthecountryisparticularlyinterestedincooperationwithforeigninvestorsin the hi g h-tec h fi el d s, m ore tha n w i th inv e stors i n other a rea s.AuniqueIsraeliphenomenonistheofficeoftheChiefScientistatthe
14、MinistryofIndustryandTrade, which distributes grants totaling nearly $400 million to variousR&D projects. The projects that succeed are expectedto pay royalties to the ChiefScientistsoffice fora numberofyears.DomesticTechnologicalAdvancementIsraelhasfirmlyestablisheditself as the mostcomputerizedcou
15、ntry intheMiddleEast;itevensurpassessome WesternEuropean nations.In1997, morethan 250,000personalcomputerswere soldin Israel, compared to 102,000 sold in Egypt(with apopulationofsome60million)and justunder300,000 inTurkey (witha populationofsome65 million).IsraelalsoleadstheMiddleEastwiththehighestp
16、enetrationrateofPCsinprivatehomes.There is a personal computer in nearly one out of two households, a ratiosimilartothatoftheUnitedStates,CanadaandaveryfewEuropeanandFarEasterncountries.Inrecentyears,theeducationsystemhaspurchased tens ofthousands ofcomputersforuseby students,fromkindergartenthrough
17、university age.Comparedtootherso-calledhigh-techtigers,suchasKorea,MalaysiaandTaiwan,Israel is unique in that it is a true high-tech country, with a highly developeddomestic market for computing and telecommunications. Israel is also a quickadopterofadvanced technologies. Local expenditure on inform
18、ation technology isestimated at $2.4 billion in 1997, with a steady growth of 12-15% annually.Worldwide, expenditureoninformationtechnology reaches about$700 billion,witha5-yearcompoundannualgrowthrateofabout10%.TelecommunicationsInfrastructureIn 1984 a government-owned company - Bezeq - took over t
19、he telephone andtelecommunicationsservices,whichhadpreviouslybeensuppliedbya departmentoftheMinistryofCommunications.Sincethen,thetelecommunicationsinfrastructureinIsraelhasdeveloped at a rapid pace, andis today considered to beoneofthe mosthighlyadvancedsystemsinthe region,providing full digital se
20、rvice throughout thecountry,advanced data communications,integrated services digital networks (ISDN),asynchronoustransfermode(ATM),andfiber-opticand satellite services. Itis clearthatthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationsserviceshascontributed significantly tothedevelopmentofIsraelshigh-techindustry.Hig
21、h-Tech ExportsIsraelsfirsthigh-techexports were produced by defense industries such as theIsraelAircraft Industries andRafael, as well as by defenseindustry sub-contractors.Thesefirmsproducedelectronicdefenseproductswithadvanced technologies,meantfor u se by the IDF.Demandforproveninbattle products
22、from Israel led to a developing exportindustryofdefense-relatedproducts. today this is still a relatively large percentage ofhigh-techexports.Studieshaveshown that R &D-intensive, high-tech companies have been a majorfactor in the growth of exports over the years, especially in electronics, optics,e
23、lectro-optics,lasers,computer-basedequipment,roboticsandaeronautics.Moreover, in the last two decades Israeli developments have contributedsignificantly to the following information technology and telecommunicationsindustries: Wireless Communications (voice and data)Advanced DataCommunications Techn
24、ologies (ATM, IDSL, SDH)Advanced LAN Technologies(ATM, Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ISDN)Satellite VSAT (Very Small ApertureTerminal)Voice Mail and R elated Voice Manipulation Technologies DSP - DigitalSignal Processing Technologies and Products Encryption and Data SecurityAnti-Virus TechnologiesS oftwareUt
25、ilitiesforMainframeandMid-Range Computers(including year 2000 problem solving utilities) Databases for Mainframe andMid-Range ComputersInternetTechnologies InternetProductsEducational SoftwareandMultimediaGraphicArtsandColorPrintingTechnologies Billing Software forTelephoneandCellularOperators S emi
26、conductorDevelopmentand Post-ProductionIn spe ction Tool s C A D, C A M , a nd C AE.Interna ti ona l Firm s i n IsraelIthastakenseveral years for the managementofinternational high-tech firms todecidetoutilize Israels advantages as an operations base. Of course, events in theMiddleEastplayadecisive
27、role in international business strategies. The continuingpeaceprocess with the Palestinians, since 1993, has encouraged many internationalfirmstoestablishoperationsand/or conductbusinessinIsrael.Therehas been a US presence in Israel, though, forthree decades.Two high-techgiants - IBM and Motorola -
28、established local subsidiaries for sales and technicalsupport in the 1960s; over time the local plants evolved into full research anddevelopmentfacilities.Motorolatooktheprocessonestepfurtherandestablishedoneofits largest manufacturing facilities in Arad, near the Dead Sea. During the late1970sIntel
29、CorporationbeganoperationsinIsrael.Today,Intels activitiesrange fromR&D(inHaifa)towafermanufacturing(Fab8inJerusalem); anda plantdesignatedFa b 1 8 u nd er c onstru ction in Kiry a t Gat.Israelis highly regarded as a location for branches of foreign firms. Benefitsincludehighly-skilledengineers,good
30、geographiclocationandsome tax and custombenefits,whichenableUSfirms to sell products manufactured inIsrael to Europeanmarkets without paying duty. Moreover, the government of Israel is considered agenerouspartnerforforeigninvestorswhoestablishoperationsinthenorthernorthesouthernpartsof the country.
31、Government assistance can be in the form of a cashrefundorlong-termtax-waivers.InIsrael,thepresenceofinternationalfirmsissomewhat of a controversy.Opponentsinlocalindustryclaimthatforeign firms gainresourcesasaresultoflocalbra i n pow er, bu t do not fu nnel a ny thing ba ck in to the l oca l e con
32、o m y . T hi s positi onisheld because most foreign firms do not build manufacturing facilities, the moremassiveemployersin the local market. Still, despite this dissenting pointof view,mostIsraeliscontinuetoconsider the presence of international high-tech firms inIsra el to be v ery i m portant.Sin
33、ce1995,manyforeignfirmshaveestablished a presence in Israel. Of these,someenteredthe marketby setting up operationsdirectly, whereas othersdo so byfriendly take-over of small Israeli firms. Additional firms are listed as U.S. firms,although all development and manufacturing facilities are located in Isra
