1、南方凤凰台版高考英语二轮提优 写作必备附录导学案附录写作必备一、 简单句的五个基本句型简单句的五个基本句型是写作的基础,掌握了这五个基本句型,就具有初步的写作能力了,其他各种句子都可由这五种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。1. 主语+系动词+表语该句型中, 系动词不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。常见的系动词有:(1) be动词:am, is, are, was, were。This machine is in good condition. 这台机器的情况良好。(2) 表感官的系动词,如look, sound, taste, s
2、mell, feel等。The suggestion sounds reasonable. 这个建议听起来很合理。Silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。(3) 表变化的系动词,如become, get, turn, grow, come, go, fall等。The pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日渐严峻。Her dream has come true. 她的梦想实现了。(4) 表持续的系动词,如remain, keep, stay, stand, rest, lie, hold等。It will st
3、ay/remain cold for several days.未来几天天气将持续寒冷。注:常作表语的有名词、形容词、介词短语等。2. 主语+不及物动词本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词。不及物动词后面可以跟副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语,但是不能接宾语。Mothers Day falls on the second Sunday in May. 母亲节是在5月的第二个星期天。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里, 我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 He ca
4、me here to pick up his daughter. 他来这儿接女儿。3. 主语+及物动词+宾语及物动词需要接宾语, 才可以表达一个完整的意思。作宾语的通常是名词、代词、不定式或动名词等。He finishes his homework in an hour every day. 他每天都在一个小时内完成作业。He refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。He admitted making a mistake. 他承认犯了错误。4. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)该句型中的及物动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语; 一个
5、是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面, 直接宾语在后面。如果间接宾语在后面,其前面应加上介词to或 for。My father bought me a new computer last week./My father bought a new computer for me last week. 上周我爸爸给我买了台新电脑。Our company offered her a job./Our company offered a job to her. 我们公司给她提供了一份工作。5. 主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)该句型中的及物动词只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分
6、才能使句子完整,这个补充成分叫做宾语补足语。作宾语补足语常见的有形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词等。The news made us sad. (形容词作宾补)这消息使我们伤心。We all consider Miss Li a good teacher. (名词作宾补)我们都认为李老师是一位好老师。Mrs Li often asks us to recite the texts. (不定式作宾补)李老师经常要求我们背课文。I will have my computer repaired tomorrow.(过去分词作宾补)我明天找人来修一下电脑。We hear him reading Engl
7、ish aloud every morning. (现在分词作宾补) 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。注意:用省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有: 使役动词let, make, have等; 感官动词observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, see, watch等。若变为被动语态, 其后的宾语补足语就成为主语补足语了, 此时作主语补足语的不定式要带to。如:He often made his sister cry.他经常把他妹妹弄哭。His sister was often made to cry. 二、 写作常用关联词类别关联词举例for
8、 example, take.for example, for instance, such as列举for one thing.for another., on the one hand.on the other hand., to begin with, first of all/first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, last but not least 递进in addition, besides, whats more, furthermore, moreover, whats worse 转折but, however, while, o
9、n the contrary, otherwise, in spite of因果because, since, as, for, due to, for this reason, so, therefore 比较similarly, compared with/to, just like, just as时间at first, to start with, in the beginning, then, next, later, afterwards, (soon) after that, after a while, finally, at present, in the past, rec
10、ently, immediately, soon, suddenly, at that moment, from now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile并列not only.but also, both.and, either.or, neither.nor, as well as概括in a word, in short, in brief, generally speaking, in conclusion观点in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, as far as I
11、m concerned, as for me, personally三、 写作中数据的表达数据的表达是写作的必考点,因此准确掌握各种数据的表达尤为重要。1. 表数量55: fifty-five128: one hundred and twenty-eight1,000: one thousand一万: ten thousand十万: one hundred thousand一千万: ten million一亿: one hundred million 2. 编号表示法编号通常有两种表达方式,即“名词+基数词”或“the+序数词+名词”。如:World War , Room 208, Lesso
12、n 3; the First World War, the third lesson3. 表比例比例分为百分比和分数。百分之五十:50%/fifty percent百分之四十的学生: 40%/forty percent of the students三分之一:a/one third三分之二:two thirds 四分之一:a/one fourth或a/one quarter 四分之三: three fourths或three quarters4. 表时间钟点:at 8 oclock, at 9:30/at nine thirty, at 9:15/at fifteen past nine, a
13、t 9:40/at twenty to ten月份:in October年份:in 2011, in the year 2011日期:on September 10, 2012年代:in the early/late 1990s/1990s世纪:in the early/late 18th century 5. 表年龄at the age of 20, a seven-year-old boy/a boy of seven years old/a boy aged seven 6. 表倍数This room is twice bigger than that one.My case is th
14、ree times as heavy as yours.This desk is four times the size of that one.The total output is double that of last year.7. 表约数大约:about, some, around, more or less, or so。如:The man in rags is about/some 60 years old.=The man in rags is 60 years old or so.Ill be back at around 5 oclock.The bridge is mor
15、e or less 200 meters long.多于、超过:more than, over, above; 少于:less than。 如:She is more than/less than forty. 半小时:half an hour/a half hour 一天半:a day and a half/one and a half days 两天半:two days and a half/two and a half days一两天:one or two days/a day or two 三三两两:in twos and threes 四、 写作常用句式1. .the+形容词最高级+
16、名词+(that)+主语+have ever+seen (known/heard/had/read, etc.)Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所见过最美丽的女孩。Mr Zhang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到的最仁慈的教师。2. Nothing is+形容词比较级+than to do sth.Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。3. .
17、can not emphasize the importance of.too much.再怎么强调的重要性也不为过。We can not emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。4. There is no denying that.不可否认 There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 5. It is universal
18、ly acknowledged that . 全世界都知道 It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 6. There is no doubt that. 毫无疑问There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问, 我们的教育制度令人不满意。 7. An advantage of.is that.的优点是 An advantage of using t
19、he solar energy is that it wont create/produce any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 8. The reason why.is that .的原因是 The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air/supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 9. So+形容词+be+主语+that. 如此以至于So precious is time that we can
20、t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵,我们浪费不起。 10. Adj.+as+主语+be, 主语+谓语.虽然 Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. 虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 注: by no means=in no way=on no account 一点也不。11. The+比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+主语+谓语 越越The harder you work, the more progress you make.
21、 你越努力,进步就越大。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读得越多,就越有学问。 12. By doing sth., .can.通过做某事,能够By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 通过做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。13. .enable+宾语+to do sth. 使能够做某事 Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 14. On no account can we.我们绝对不
22、能 On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。15. It is time+主语+一般过去式. 该是的时候了。It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。16. Those who. 的人Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。17
23、. There is no one but. 没有人不There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。18. be forced/compelled/obliged to do sth. 不得不做某事Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。19. It is conceivable that. 可想而知It is obvious that. 明显的It is apparent
24、 that. 显然It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。20. That is the reason why.那就是的原因。Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it.夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。21. For the past+时间,主语+现在完成式. 过去年来,一直For the past two years, I have been busy preparing fo
25、r the examination.过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。22. Since+主语+过去式.,主语+现在完成式.Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中,他一直很用功。 23. It pays to do sth. 做某事是值得的。It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。24. be based on. 以为基础The progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。25. spare no eff
26、ort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。26. bring home to+人+事 让明白事We should bring home to people the value of working hard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。27. be closely related to.与息息相关Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。28. get into the habi
27、t of doing sth.=make it a rule to do sth. 养成做某事的习惯We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。29. Due to/Owing to/Thanks to+n./doing,.因为Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.多亏了他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。30. What a+adj.+n.+主语+谓语!=How+adj. +a+n.+主语+谓语!多么!What an important
28、thing it is to keep our promise!=How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!31. .leave much to be desired. 令人不满意。The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。32. have a great influence on. 对有很大的影响Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。33. d
29、o good to. 对有益; do harm to. 对有害Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。34. pose a great threat to. 对造成一大威胁Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。35. do ones utmost to do sth.=do ones best to do sth. 尽全力去做某事We should do our utmost to achiev
30、e our goal in life.我们应尽全力去实现我们的人生目标。五、 写作常见错误剖析写作是对学生运用英语的综合能力的考查,是最能体现学生英语水平的一种检测方式。学生在写作的过程中经常暴露一些弱点、犯一些错误。现对学生作文中的常见错误进行简要归纳,粗分类别,并举以实例。 (一) 名词 写作中,学生们常把握不好名词的数、所有格以及一些集合名词的用法。 1. He gave me a very good advice yesterday.句中的a要去掉,因为advice是不可数名词。注意: 一些汉语概念上为可数的词在英语中却是不可数的,表示数量时应在其前加a piece of,类似的词有:news, bread, work, paper, chalk, furniture, information等。 2. That girl loves reading book.可数名词单数不能孤零零地放在句子里,应在前面加冠词,或将其变为复数。此处book应改为books。 3. He went into a books shop and bought a dictionary.一般表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格用s,如:my mothers car, 而此处应用名词修饰名词,故a books shop改为a book shop。4. My family is wa
