1、泛读讲义Handout of Extensive Reading-Book 3Zhou JuanUnit 1 Invented WordsWarming-up exercises1. What is word? Give some examples.Word is a unit of expression that native speakers may recognize by intuition, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. (Examples are omitted.)2. What is the classifi
2、cation of words? Give some examples.(1) Variable words and invariable wordsVariable words, they may have inflective changes, that is, the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant. Examples: follow (follows, following, followed). Invariable words
3、 refer to those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.(2) Grammatical words / Function words and lexical words/ Content wordsGrammatical words/ Function words mainly work for constructing group, phrase, clause, clause complex, or even text are grammat
4、ical words, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.Lexical words/ Content words mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. (Examples are omitted.)(3) Closed-class words and open-class wordsA word that belongs to the
5、 closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others. One cannot easily add or deduce a new member.The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. When new ideas, inventions, or discoveries emerge,
6、 new members are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items. (Examples are omitted.)(4) Word class It is close to the notion of parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjecti
7、on, article, particle, auxiliary, and determiner (e.g. the, a, an, some, all, both, half).3. What are different ways of word formation? Give some examples.(1) Affixationa. Prefixation: unmask, impossible, unfair, illegal, irregular, non-smoker, dislike, inappropriate, misunderstand, maltreat; post-w
8、ar, Microsoft, television, befriend, enable, international.b. Suffixation: development, likelihood, socialism, revival, education, actor, writer, addressee, kindness; foolish, envious, thankful, imaginable, simplify, modernize, widen.(2) CompoundingMortgage slvave (n+n, 房奴), sunrise (n+v), pickpocke
9、t (v+n), icy-cold (adj+adj), blackboard (adj+n).(3) ClippingVan (advantage), flu (influenza), vegetables (veggies), mike (microphone), coke (coca cola).(4) Back-formationLaze (from lazy), auth (from author), beg (from beggar), edit (from editor).(5) AcronymLaser (lightwave amplification by stimulate
10、d emission of radiation)(6) InitialismVip (very important person)(7) ConversionDesire (v, n), straight (adj, adv). Related information: History of English1. Church Latin:While the Anglo-Saxons were establishing their power in England and making their language the main language of the country, the Ro
11、man Empire was sinking deeper and deeper into trouble. By A.D.476 the western empire had ceased to exist. And since the Germanic people have no interest in preserving Roman culture, it just died. The Church was all that was left of Roman civilization. But Latin survived as the language of church and
12、 the wealthy, educated class, and was to have a profound effect on the development of southern Europe and England.2. Middle English:Gerffrey Chaucer was born some hundred years after the last war of the Crusades (1095-1291), in the early part of Renaissance while Shakespeare was born in the last par
13、t of Renaissance. During the lifetime of these two great writers, the English language was sorting itself out from the chaos of Middle English. By the time of Shakespeares death in 1616, our history and language had entered the modern period. Text Comprehension4/5 words Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and Fre
14、nch 600 000 words borrowed words1/5 words words from names ofplaces or peoplesother words imitative wordsinvented words Comprehension Questions1. Why do people use gobbledygook?When people talk or write using ling, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many pe
15、ople use gobbdygook because they want to seem more important than they are, or because they dont really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing.2. Whats Humpty Dumptys opinion regarding the meaning of a word? Do you agree? Why or why not?Dumpty insists words can mean whatever
16、 he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else.3. What make a master of language? Can you name some master of English language?A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to use big,
17、important ones and when to use the shorter, equally important simple ones. Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, “Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all.” Reading Skill : Newspaper Headlin
18、eNewspaper, along with reporting the news, instructs, entertain, and give opinions. A Newspaper has separate sections: world news, national and local news, sports, business, entertainment, opinions, comics, classified ads, etc. You can be a better reader, if you know what to expect in a newspaper. F
19、or example, when you read a newspaper you usually look quickly at headlines first. Newspaper headlines have a language of their own and it is necessary to learn about it.Two types of headline There are two types of headlines. Most news stories in the Bangkok Post use sentence headlines although they
20、 may be shortened by omitting certain words as you will see later. Many feature stories and some very short news stories use phrase headlines or titles which leave out the verb. Here are some examples of both: 1. Sentence headlines Police rescue 12 divers as launch sinks off PhiPen manufacturers sti
21、ll see good future for luxury pens2. Phrase headlines Getting in touch with the spiritsHeroism and cowardice at the “Top of the World”Reward for tracing suspect 3. The grammar of sentence headlinesAlmost all sentence headlines in the Bangkok Post use the present tensedespite the fact that they gener
22、ally describe past events. The present tense gives the subject a sense of freshness and immediacy, making it more interesting to read. Headlines pack a great deal of information into a limited space, so it is not surprising that Bangkok Post headline writers use several methods to conserve space. On
23、e obvious example is to use abbreviations (“PM” for “Prime Minister”, etc.). But they also use a special grammar, omitting articles (“a” and “the”) and the verb “to be” wherever possible. Cooperation agreement signed(A cooperation agreement is signed) Australian ex-judge sworn in to represent UK que
24、en(An Australian ex-judge is sworn in to represent the United Kingdom queen) Be sure to notice that the omission of the verb “to be” can make the headline appear to be in the past tense when it is actually present tense, passive voice. Homework1. Find your own examples of each kinds of the mentions
25、type of words.2. Finish the exercises behind the text.3. Home reading: History of English4. Preview Unit 2 Objectives of Unit 1:1. Knowing the history of English vocabulary.2. Understanding the composition of English vocabulary3. Learning reading skill: newspaper headlines Time arrangement 1. Text: 2 hours2. Discussion: 0.5 hour3. Reading Skill: 1 hour Key Words1. imitative words: onomatopoeia, referring to the words that sound like the thing or action they stand for.2. compound words: words made up of two independent words.3. root, suffix, prefix
