1、操作系统名词解释操作系统名词解释整理 作者： 日期： =名词解释=Operating system: operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. The operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being systems programs and application programs.操作系统：操作系统一个管理计算
2、机硬件的程序，他一直运行着，管理着各种系统资源Multiprogramming: Multiprogramming is one of the most important aspects of operating systems. Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs (code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute.多程序设计：是操作系统中最重要的部分之一，通过组织工作提高CPU利用率，保证了CPU始终在运行中。batch system:
3、A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention.批处理系统：将许多工作和指令捆绑在一起运行，使得它们不必等待插入，以此提高系统效率。time-sharing system: time sharing is a logical extension of by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequen
4、tly that the users can interact with each program while it is running.分时系统：是对多道程序设计的逻辑扩展。通过在多个作业间转换CPU，可以同时执行多个作业，但是这种转换发生的如此频繁以至于用户在程序运行的同时可以与计算机交互。Real-time system: A real-time system has well-defined, fixed time constraints. Processing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system wi
5、ll fail.实时系统：实时系统具有明确定义的、不变的时间约束。处理过程必须在规定的时间内完成，否则系统就失效了。DMA: It is an essential feature of all modern computers, as it allows devices to transfer data without subjecting the CPU to a heavy overhead.直接内存访问：一种不经过CPU而直接从内存存取数据的数据交换模式。System call: System call provide the interface between a running pr
6、ogram and the operating system.系统调用：系统调用为运行中的程序和操作系统提供了一个接口。Microkernel: the microkernel approach structures the operating system by removing all nonessential components from the kernel and implementing them as system and user-level programs.微内核：微内核将所有不必要的组件从内核中去掉，并将它们作为系统和用户层程序来实现。Process: It is pr
7、ogram in execution。进程：一个正在运行的程序PCB: each process is represented in the operating system by a process control block (PCB). A PCB contains many pieces of information associated with a specific process.PCB:操作系统通过进程控制块（PCB）表示进程，一个PCB存储了进程的许多信息。Job scheduler: the long-term scheduler, the job scheduler, s
8、elects processes which are spooled to a mass-storage device and loads them into memory for execution.作业调度：又称长程调度，从存储器中选择进程并将其载入内存。CPU scheduler: the short-term scheduler, selects from among the processes that are ready to execute and allocates the CPU to one of them.CPU调度：又称近程调度，从这些进程中选择就绪进程并为之分配CPU
9、。Thread: A thread is basic unit of CPU utilization; it comprises a thread ID, a program counter, a register set, and a stack.线程：线程是一个基本的CPU执行单元；它包含了一个线程ID，一个程序计数器，一个寄存器组合一个堆栈。Throughput: one measure of work is the number of processes that are completed per time unit.吞吐量：对工作量的一种测量单位，单位时间内运行完的进程数量。non
10、preemptive/preemptive scheduling: Under nonpreemptive scheduling, once the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the wait state. A form of scheduling designed so that jobs can be interrupted and their resourc
11、es transferred to more urgent jobs. An interrupted job can be either terminated completely or resumed tater.非抢占式/抢占式调度：在非抢占式调度下，一旦CPU分配给一个进程，那么该进程就会保持CPU直到终止或转换到等待状态。抢占式调度：允许进程被中断，使其资源用在更重要的地方。Dispatcher: the dispatcher is the module that gives the control of the CPU to the process selected by short
12、-term scheduler.调度程序：调度程序是一个模块，他将CPU控制提交给短程调度程序选择的进程。Turnaround time: the interval from the time of submission of a process to the time of completion is the turnaround time.周转时间：从进程提交到进程完成的时间间隔。Waiting time: waiting time is the sum of the periods spent waiting in the ready queue.等待时间：进程在就绪队列中耗费时间的总和
13、。Response time: response time is the time from the submission of a request until the first response is produced.响应时间：从进程提交到产生首次响应的时间。Critical section: critical section is a segment of code in which the process may be changing common variables, updating a table, writing a file, and so on.临界区：每个进程有一个代
14、码段，被称之为临界区，进程在临界区内可能会修改公有变量、更新一个表、写一个文件等。Semaphore: A semaphore S is integer variable that, apart from initialization, is accessed only through two standard atomic operations: wait() and signal().信号量：信号量s是一个整形数，除初始化之外，对它的访问只能通过两个标准原子操作：wait和signal。Atomic operation: Atomic operation means an operatio
15、n that completes in its entirety without interruption.原子操作：原子操作指不会被中断，一次运行完的操作。Deadlock: a set of blocked processes each holding a resource and waiting to acquire a resource held by another process in the set.死锁：一些进程各自拥有一个资源，同时等待着另一个已被占有的资源，造成互相锁定的情况。Starvation: starvation is a situation in which processes wait indefinitely within the semaphore.饥饿：饥饿是指一个进程在信号量中无休止的等待。Deadlock prevention: Restrain the ways request can be made, attacking four conditions.死锁预防：只要确保造成死锁的四个条件中任意一个不成立，就可以预防死锁。Deadlock avoidance: A decision is made dynamically wh
