1、寒假英语语法寒假英语语法一、名词 表示人、事物、地点的名称或者抽象概念的词 分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词 表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称。专有名词第一个字母要大写 * Lucy * China * the Summer Palace普通名词 分为可数名词和不可数名词 可数名词 表示人、事物、地点等的名称。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分名词的单数形式 一般可用a来修饰 * a car *a book 在元音发音开头的单词前用 an * an elephant * an apple 请区别：a useful machine,an hour ,a university student .名
2、词的复数形式 1.复数形式的构成方法 (1) 一般在单数名词后加“s” * dog dogs * book books (2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/ *box boxes *watch watches brush-brushes bus- buses 3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es” /iz/ * country countries family-familes * factory factories 请区别：如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s” * boy boys toy-toys * monkey monkeys (4) 以o结尾的名词
3、加有生命的加“es” potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes 以o结尾的名词加无生命的加s” photo-photos 以双元音结尾的（结尾的字母是o）直接加 “s” radio-radios ,zoo-zoos , kangaroo-kangaroos(5) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es” /vz/ * half halves * shelf shelves *knife knives * leaf leaves 2.特殊变化的单词 (1)单复数同形 Chinese Chinese fish fish Japanese J
4、apanese sheep sheep (2)变元音字母oo为ee tooth teeth foot feet 3.变man为 men man men woman women policeman policemen Frenchman Frenchmen 请区别：German(德国人) Germans 4. 其它形式child children mouse mice 5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况 (1)将中心词变为复数 grandchild grandchildren girlfriend girlfriends (2) man,woman 构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数 a ma
5、n doctor men doctors a woman teacher women teachers 6.常以复数形式出现的名词 people clothes police trousers glasses 这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数 * My clothes are newer than yours. * The police often come here.7.可用how many，many，a few，few，any，lots of, some，a lot of 等修饰可数名词复数 *There are a few people in the park. *How many
6、 knives are there in your pencil-box?不可数名词 物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词如: water，rice，fish，meat 等。 特别记住： work chalk time space music money weather cotton homework wood information news medicine1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数 *Some bread is over there. *No news is good news. 2.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, s
7、ome, any等来修饰不可数名词 *They had much money. *He does little housework at home.3.常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of,a bottle of等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of 前面的名词上，而 of 后始终是单数*There is a piece of paper in the book.*Three glasses of orange are on the desk.注意：可数名词也可用量来表示， of 后用复数 * There are two bags of clothes ove
8、r there. * We have five boxes of apples.4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情况下可相互转化，同一个词，但意思不同 (1) glass(玻璃) a glass(玻璃杯) paper(纸)a paper(报纸) work(工作) a work(著作) room(空间) a room(房间)(2) fruit(水果) fruits (各种水果) fish(鱼) fishes(各种鱼) hair (所有头发) hairs (几根头发) time(时间) times(时代) 练习题：一 将下列的名词变成复数形式。1book _ 2.duck _ 3.house _
9、 4.orange _ 5.class _ 6.box _ 7.watch _ 8.bus _ 9.city _ 10.factory _ 11.country _ 12.family _ 13.hero _ 14.potato _ 15.tomato _ 16.photo _ 17.piano _ 18.knife _ 19.leaf _ 20.life _ 21.fish _ 22.sheep _ 23.foot _ 24.tooth _ 25.man _ 26.woman _ 27.fireman_ 28.policeman _ 29.postman _ 30.child _ 31.mo
10、use _ 二请归类可数名词和不可数名词，把该单词的编号写在相应的位置上。 A.book B.milk C.rice D.bun E.soup F.waterG.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L.deskM.toy N.baby O.season P.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.penY.beef Z.chair1. 可数：_2. 不可数：_三选择填空。1They come from different _.A.country B.countries
11、 C.a country D.countrys2.How many _ do you see in the picture ?A.tomatos B.tomatoes C.tomato D.the tomato3. They are _.A.woman teachers B.women teachers C.women teacher D.woman teacher 4. would you like _, please?A.two glass of water B.two glasses of water C.two glass of water D.two glasses of water
12、s5. There are some _in these _.A.knifes pencil-boxes B.knives pencil-box C.knives pencil-box D.knives pencil-box一、 将下列名词变成复数形式。1.plane _tree_ lesson_month_ apple_ shirt_2. box_ bus_ brush_watch_class_ fox_3.knife_ life _leaf_Wife_ thief_4.day_ boy _monkey_baby_ country_story_5.photo_ radio _piano_to
13、mato_ hero_6. child_ tooth_ man _Sheep_ English_ Chinese_三、选择填空1There are two _ in the room.A. Chineses B. Englishman2.The old man will have _ out.A. two tooths B. two teeth3. _ are sold in this bookstore.A. Childrens books B. Children books4. Some friends of _ will come here.A. Johns B. John 5. Can
14、 you give me _?A. some papers B. a piece of paper6.There are _ on the floor.A. some box B. some boxes四、将下列句子变成复数形式。1This sheep is white._2. There is a desk and a chair in the room._3.That man is a doctor._名词练习题一、 写出下列名词的复数形式puter _ 2.apple _ 3.city _4.house _ 5.sheep _ 6.watch _7.tomato _8.child _ 9
15、.tooth _10.foot _ 11.wife _12.potato _13.play _ 14.day _ 15.glass _16.radio _17.zoo _ 18. life _19. story _ 20.leaf _ 21. baby _22.dress _ 23.butterfly _24. deer _25.class _ 26.brush _ 27.key _28. English _29.mouse _30. man _二、将下列句子变成复数形式。1This dog is brown._2. There is a book and a pen on the table
16、._3.That woman is a teacher._2、名词所有格名词所有格 表示名词间的所有关系“ 的”一.名词所有格的构成方法 1.单数名词后加“ s” *Tom s book *my friend s uncle 2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ”即可 *Teachers Day *two weeks holiday3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“ s” * Children s Day * men s shoes 4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系 *the color of the wall *a picture of t
17、he classroom二.名词所有格的几个注意点 1.可用名词所有格表示地点, 地点名词习惯上省略 * my aunts ( home） (我姑姑家） * go to the teachers ( office） (去老师办公室） 2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式 *the cats name / the name of the cat *Chinas capital/ the capital of China3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s” * Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间） 请区别: Lucys and Lilys rooms
18、露西的房间和莉莉的房间 （两人各有一间房间） in hospital (生病)住院 in the hospital 在医院里 *Hes ill in hospital. 他生病住院。 *My parents work in the hospital. 我的父母在医院工作。三、一般现在时和一般过去时。一般现在时1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。) ,never， sometimes , seldom , usually等等She doesnt
19、often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。I cycle to work every day 。我每天骑自行车上班。2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。e.g. He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV. 3)表示客观真理 e.g. There are seven days in a week. The moon moves round the earth.The sun rises in the east 。日出东方。Ten minus two is eig
20、ht。十减二等于八。Light travels faster than sound 。光的速度比声音的速度快。The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美国位于太平洋西岸。4) 根据英文语法规定，当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。例：Ill tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will ta
21、lk with you in greater details。如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。用于一般现在时的副词，除了上面提到的一些表示频率的以外，常见的还有：now, today , nowadays等等。其句式变化可分为两种情况 1)表示动作， 一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词dont；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。E.g. They have lunch at 12:00. They dont have lunch at 12:00. Do they have lunch at 12:00? 2）单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesnt；变一般疑
22、问句须在句首加助动词does.含有be动词的要在be上做变化.E.g. Jenny speaks English very well. E.g. Danny is a good student.Jenny doesnt speak English very well. Danny isnt a good student.Does Jenny speak English very well? Is Danny a good student?自我检测：(一)、 单选1 Jenny _ in an office. Her parents _in a hospital.A work; works B
23、works; work C work; are working D is working; work2 One of the boys_ a black hat.A have B there is C there are D has3 We will go shopping if it_ tomorrow.A dont rain Bdidnt rain Cdoesnt rain Disnt rain4 He said the sun _in the east and _in the west.A rose; set B rises; sets C rises, set D rise; sets
24、5 Wang Mei _ music and often _ to music.A like; listen B likes; listens C like; are listening D liking ; listen6 Jenny_ English every evening.A has study B studies C study D studied(二)、填空1 I can take Li Ming there when he _ ( come) to visit.2 _your sister_(know)English?3Her home_ _ _(远离 )her school.4The pot_(not look) like yours very much.5 Where _you_(have)lunch every day?6 Who_(想要 )to go swimming?7 _she_(do) the housework every day?8 Jenny and Danny usually_
