1、自考英语一重点语法复习全一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词不可数名词量的表示语：(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为：数词单位词of不可数名词(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (an article) of furniture a piece of jewelrya piece (sheet) of paper a cake of soap a piece (
2、slice) of bacon a piece (stick) of chalka bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup(B) 抽象名词a word of abuse an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever a bit (an amount) of interest;a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an it
3、em) of informationa piece (an item) of news;(C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening;a bolt of thunder;名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。之前可加a, the, some, any, etc. What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.I like this kind of flower.I
4、 like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法和读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,
5、 wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tom
6、atoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8特殊变化medium media, child children, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-fee
7、t, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spir
8、its(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-t
9、ellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the t
10、wins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, t
11、he tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apple
12、s6和人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零
13、冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，one，perWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或和某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei F
14、eng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词This is a good cloth for summer.10“have (or ta
15、ke) + a + 抽象名词”，和抽象名词的动词形同义Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the
16、 wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于专有名词前：国家党派、公共建筑、机关、江河湖海、山川群岛、报刊、经典的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired t
17、he car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.13用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前This is the book that I promised to lend you.III. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose
18、purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类，颜色名词前He likes playing football/chess.6和by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day by day, man to man8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses ar
19、e useful animals.9表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。He was elected president.10School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us,
20、you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which
21、, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some和any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some
22、表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词， 此
23、外两者也可做副词。Some of them are my students.代名词）Is your mother any better?（副词）4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可和比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) h
24、as a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are
25、 (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常和其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others表示其余所有的人或物。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed
26、 the exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部
27、否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobod
28、y absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置,为加强语气或音调美a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to ge
29、t on with2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 复合形容词的构成：1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted7名词+现在分词peace-loving2形容词+形容词dark-blue8名词+过去分词snow-covered3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking9数词+名词+edthree-egged4副词+现在分词hard-working10数词+名词twenty-year5副词+过去分词newly-built11数词名词形容词three-hundred-year-old 6名词+形容词world-famous2.形容词的用法：1) 紧靠着代）名词的形容词：upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; u
