1、国际贸易实务案例教程双语第2版国际贸易实务案例教程（双语（第2版）Chapter One Case Study for a Brief Introduction to International Trade 国际贸易简介案例 Part One Selected Analysis of Case Study 第一部分 案例精选 Case 1 US-India Wool Fabric Dispute Case Description: The United States imposed interim protection measures, from April 18th, 1995, to r
2、estrict imports of wool fabric for mens and womens shirts from India. Before the measures implementation, the United States and India had discussed the possibly serious damage to U.S. domestic enterprises resulting from the import of wool fabric for mens and womens shirts. The two sides did not reac
3、h a satisfactory solution. So India submitted the case to the World Trade Organization for settlement. Question: Will the United States remove the interim protection measures? 1 案例美印羊毛织物摩擦案案情介绍: 美国强制实行了过渡性保护措施，从1995年4月18日开始限制进口印度的羊毛制品男式衬衣和女式衬衣。在措施实施以前，美国和印度就进口羊毛织物男式衬衣和女式衬衣可能会对美国国内企业引起的严重损害进行了磋商。由于磋商
4、没有产生令人满意的解决办法，印度就把案件提交给世贸组织解决。 问题: 美国会撤销过渡性保护措施吗, Answer: In examining the facts, the experts group found that the United States did not review all the economic variables listed in Article VI of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, when determining whether import increase will damage its domestic
5、 enterprises. When determining the causal link between detriment of domestic enterprises and the increased imports, all these variables must be taken into account. The United States also did not analyze whether the damage was due to changes in customer preferences or technical upgrade as required by
6、 the provision. The group 国际贸易实务案例教程(双语)(第2版) concluded that the interim protection measures implemented by the United States were contrary to the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing obligations. The United States followed the resolutions of the experts group and removed the interim protection measur
7、es. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing requires discriminatory restrictions on imports of textiles and clothing should be removed gradually in the 10-year period, the completing date is January 1st, 2005. Although the protocol aims to promote the lifting of these restrictions, it allows importin
8、g countries to adopt transitional measures of protection to restrict imports if imports of certain types of textile products bring a “serious risk of harm, or constitute a real threat” to domestic firms producing the same products. Article VI of the agreement listed some economic factors (for exampl
9、e, production, productivity, capacity utilization, inventories, market share, exports, wages, employment, domestic market prices, profits and investment changes). In judging whether the increase of imports will cause any damage, these factors must be taken into account. The agreement further provide
10、s that if serious damage or actual threat is caused by other factors, such as technical updates or customer preferences changes, such protection measures shall not be enforceable. 回答: 在审核事实之后，专家组发现，在认定增加进口是否会引起对国内企业的损害时，美国没有审查在纺织品与服装协议第6条中列出的全部经济变数。在认定损害国内企业和增加进口之间因果关系时，必须把这些变数考虑进去。美国也没有像条款要求的那样审查对国
11、内企业的损害是不是顾客喜好变化或技术更新的结果。因而，专家组得出结论，美国实施临时性保护措施，违背了纺织品与服装协议规定的义务。美国执行了专家组的决议，撤销了过渡性保护措施。 纺织品与服装协议要求对进口纺织品和服装进行歧视性限制的国家在10年期限内逐步取消限制，结束时间是2005年1月1日。虽然协议的目标是促进取消这些限制，但是如果某些种类纺织品的进口对生产同类产品的本国企业带来了“严重损害的危险或构成了实际威胁”，它也允许进口国采取过渡性的保护措施限制进口。协议的第6条列举了诸多经济因素(例如，产量、生产效率、产能的利用、库存、市场份额、出口、工资、就业、国内市场价格、利润和投资方面的变化)
12、，在决定增加进口是否会引起损害时，这些因素都必须考虑进去。协议还进一步规定，如果严重损害或实际威胁是由其他因素引起的，例如，技术更新或顾客喜好的变化，此类保护措施不得强行实施。 Case 2 Whether or not GATT has been Violated Case Description: Country A notifies Country B that Country B is forbidden to export mutton to Country A. The reason is that mutton hormone content exceeds the allowe
13、d amount, which will affect peoples health. After investigation, Country B finds out that the mutton hormone content is as same amount as that in Country A, and Country B also gets the information that Country A is unceasingly importing the similar quality mutton from Country C. The Country B believ
14、es that Country A has violated the GATT principles and their benefits 第一章 国际贸易简介案例 have been violated. Country A refutes that they adopt the measures which do not violate the GATT principles, but belong to the general exception to be permitted. Questions: 1(Do you think Country A has violated the GA
15、TT principles? What kind of principles? Why? 2(Do you think Country As rebuttal is right? Why? 2 GATT 案例是否违反了规则案情介绍: A国通知B国，禁止从B国进口羊肉，理由是羊肉的荷尔蒙含量超标，影响国民的身体健康。B国经过调查发现，A国境内销售的羊肉荷尔蒙含量与B国羊肉的荷尔蒙含量是一样的。还发现，A国还不断从C国进口同样质量的羊肉。 B国认为A国违反了GATT原则，他们的利益受到了侵害。 A国反驳，他们采取的措施是不违反DATT原则的，是属于一般例外所允许的。 问题: 1(A国的做法是否违反
16、了GATT的原则,违反了哪条原则,为什么, 2(A国反驳的理由对不对,为什么, Answer: 1(Country As procedure has violated the most-favored nation treatment principle of GATT. The most-favored nation treatment principle means: A member gives the preferential benefits in customs duty or other aspects to another members any imported native
17、 products, and must give unconditionally to the same imported products originating in other members. The essence of the most-favored nation treatment principle requests the WTO members not to take the discrimination treatment to those same products imported from or exported to different member count
18、ries in the implementation preferential benefit or the limit aspect. This is the multilateral trade rule cornerstone and also the multilateral trading system livelihood legal base. 2(Country As rebuttal is not right. About general exception, the item 1 of Article 20 in GATT stipulates: The necessary
19、 measures that the contracting party adopts in order to safeguard the peoples health and the safety of plant and animal life belong to the general exception. Country A not only allows to sell the mutton that has the same quality with the mutton from Country B, but also imports the same quality mutto
20、n from Country C. So it cannot use the general exception clause. 回答: 1(A国的做法违反了GATT的最惠国待遇原则。 最惠国待遇原则含义是:一成员就任何一项原产于另一成员的进口产品给予另一成员在关税或其他方面的优惠，必须立即无条件地给予原产于其他成员相同或类似的进口产品。 国际贸易实务案例教程(双语)(第2版) 最惠国待遇原则的本质是要求WTO成员不得对来自或出口到不同成员国的相同或类似的进出口产品在实施优惠或限制方面实行歧视待遇，它是多边贸易规则的基石，也是多边贸易体制赖以生存的法律基础。 2(A国反驳的理由不对。 关于一般
21、例外，GATT第20条第1款规定:缔约方采取的为保障人民、动植物生命健康所必需的措施，属于一般例外。 A国一方面在自己国内允许销售同样质量的羊肉，另一方面又进口C国同样质量的羊肉。所以，不可以引用一般例外条款。 Case 3 Misunderstanding Caused by Cultural Differences Case Description: In November 1998, the Germany Daimler-Benzs acquisition of one of the three U.S. auto makers, Chrysler Corporation, was t
22、hought by the world media as the “marriage of heaven”. Daimler-Benz AG, which is one of the strongest companies of Germany, is known to the world as the brand owner of “Mercedes”. Chrysler is the biggest among the three U.S. auto makers in making profits and is the most efficient company. It was bel
23、ieved that this was the most powerful combined strength across the Atlantic and it would be a ride to be an invincible giant at the world auto market. Who would have thought, however, that this “hopeful and powerful marriage” did not seem to be happy. Mergers and acquisitions failed to achieve the d
24、esired goal of the company. By 2001, the companys loss amounted to 2 billion U.S. dollars. Its stock prices were way down, and laid off its staff. The companys running has been in a very difficult situation. Question: Why did good prospects turn out to be a failure? 3 案例因文化差异而引发的误解案情介绍: 1998年11月，德国戴
25、姆勒-奔驰公司并购美国三大汽车公司之一的克莱斯勒公司，被全球舆论界誉为“天作之合”。戴姆勒-奔驰公司是德国实力最强的企业，是扬名世界的“梅赛德斯”品牌的所有者。克莱斯勒则是美国三大汽车制造商中盈利能力最强、效率最高的公司。 人们认为，这宗跨越大西洋的强强联合定会成就一个驰骋世界汽车市场，所向无敌的巨无霸。然而谁会想到，这桩“婚姻”似乎并不美满，并购后并没有实现公司预期的目标。到2001年，公司的亏损额达到20亿美元，股价也一路下滑，并且裁减员工，公司的发展一直都很艰难。 问题: 为什么美好预期结果却失败了, Answer: 第一章 国际贸易简介案例 The experts believe th
26、at cultural differences between the two companies at different sides of the Atlantic companies are main causes why the merger turns out to be a failure. Daimler-Benz CEO Schrempp failed to realize that there were many differences in organizational structure, pay system, or the corporate culture. So
27、he would adopt the management methods usually used in Germany to run the newly merged corporation. In management system, most of the members in the board are Germans. But he would say to the media that the merger is a merger of equals, which made the Chrysler U.S. employees not know what to do. Furt
28、hermore, Schrempp fired Chrysler CEO who was a M&A Integration Manager during that time shortly after the merger. All this led Chrysler employees to generate the feeling of hostility. As a result, a lot of good American designers and senior managers left to Ford, General Motors or other auto compani
29、es. In this way, it is not hard to understand why merger once to be known as the “the merger of the perfect match” at last turns out to be a failure. 回答: 这场“婚姻危机”的根本原因。戴姆专业人士认为，大西洋两岸不同文化差异的冲突是勒-奔驰公司的CEO施伦普一开始没有意识到两家企业无论在组织结构、薪酬制度，还是企业文化上都有很大差异，他却采用德国的完全控制方式把克莱斯勒当成一个部门来看待。在公司管理制度上，董事会结构成员都是以德国人为主。但是，
30、他却在媒体上说:“这是一次平等的合并。”这使克莱斯勒的美国员工无所适从。再加上，施伦普在企业合并不久就解雇了作为并购整合经理的克莱斯勒总裁，使克莱斯勒员工产生敌对情绪，许多优秀的美国设计师、高级管理人员纷纷离职投奔福特、通用汽车或其他汽车公司。这样，也就不难理解为什么这次一开始被称为“天作之合”的并购最后如此失败。 Case 4 Why Spanish Burned Chinese Shoes Case Description: Elche, a town in Spain became the focus of the global on September 14th, 2004, beca
31、use the value of nearly 10, 000, 000 dollars “made in China” shoes had been burned by a local illegal group. This was the first serious violation of Chinese legal rights on trade in the history of Spain. Question: Why did the incident happen to Chinese shoes? 4 案例为什么西班牙人要烧毁中国鞋案情介绍: 2004年9月14日，西班牙小镇埃
32、尔切由于近1 000万美元价值的“中国制造”鞋被当地不法集团烧毁而变成了全球关注的焦点。 这是西班牙有史以来第一起严重侵犯华商合法权益、野蛮排斥华人的暴力事件。 问题: 为什么会发生此次火烧中国鞋的事件呢, 国际贸易实务案例教程(双语)(第2版) Answer: On one hand, Chinese shoes manufacturers do not comply with local business hours, they also open doors on Sunday and holiday, particularly for long hours each day and sometimes even unloading work is done at midnight. Such acts are not only contrary to the local business tradit
