1、TheRenaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced. -F. Engles Brief introductionRenaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in It
2、aly and ended in England and Spain. “Renaissance means “revival, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence a
3、nd Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. During the period of Renaissance:1. th
4、e Roman Catholic Church was shaken, 2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged, 3. national languages and cultures took shape, 4. art and literature flourishedBrief introductionThere arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy
5、were enthusiastically studied. The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationNever before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something newIn Italy a group of artist
6、s，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance EuropeExamples: Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； Boccaccio(卜伽邱)
7、 wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron； Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China； Michelangelo米开朗琪罗，Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the worldEssence and featuresEssence: It is the re
8、flection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.另版本：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to: to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe; to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the ris
9、ing bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities. Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.Features: there are two striking features A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. The keen interest in the
10、 activities of humanity. Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century. Humanism： T
11、he progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the
12、new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feu
13、dal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the digni
14、ty of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Features of humanism in Renaissance Emphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and
15、holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants . This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeares Hamlet What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in ac
16、tion how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals. 人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;2.shifting mans inter
17、est from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.3. Applying Aristotles theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society. Influenc
18、e and English RenaissanceInfluences: 1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. 2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one 3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spiri
19、t，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular. This was Englands Golden Age in literature. Ther
20、e appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContentsI.TheSixteenthCentury EnglandII. Renaissance in EnglandIII. The main artistic stylesIV. William ShakespeareV. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enc
21、losure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparatiThe background of the humanism in EuropeThe introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;The great economic and politica
22、l changes led to the rise of democracy;The spirit of nationalism;The growing of new science etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance; 2. An age of comparative social contentment; 3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm; 4. An age of i
23、ntellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism. II. Renaissance in EnglandThe time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century-first half of th
24、e 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th century The flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birdsThe early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and
25、 poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms.Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama the real mainstream of the English Renaissance“university wits: Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodg
26、e and Nash who entered the dramatic circle between the years 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors
27、and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturize
28、d; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation: Ovids Metamorphoses, Homers Iliad, Montaignes Essaystravel books: Mores Utopiapoetry: Edmund Spenser drama: “University Wits, Marlowe, Shakespeareessay: Francis BaconThomas Mo
29、re and his UtopiaForerunner of utopian socialismAn imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia-a community of pr
30、operty-a pure, pre-Marx form of communism. Poetry: Edmund Spenser and his worksThe Shepherds Calendar ?牧人日历?: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.Amoretti?爱情小诗?: a seri
31、es of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.Epithlamion ?婚后曲?: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene?仙后?:The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 book
32、s. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy. Fairy QueenQueen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole - England, the evil figuresenemies.Themes of the poem : nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)humanism (strong opposition to Rom
