TheRenaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结.docx
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TheRenaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结.docx
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TheRenaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结
TheRenaissance
Thisisagreatestandmostadvancedrevolutioninthehumanhistory.Thisistheagethegiantsareneededandproduced.------F.Engles
<1>Briefintroduction
▪RenaissanceinEuropeanhistory,referstotheperiodbetween14thcenturyto17thcentury.ItstartedinItalyandendedinEnglandandSpain.
▪“Renaissance〞means“revival〞,therevivalofinterestinAncientGreekandRomancultureandgettingridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducingnewideasthatexpresstheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie.
▪RenaissancesprangfirstinItaly(FlorenceandVenice)withthefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture,andgraduallyspreadalloverEurope;
▪Renaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscience(ancientGreekandRomanculture)afterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.
DuringtheperiodofRenaissance:
1.theRomanCatholicChurchwasshaken,
2.oldsciencesrevivedandnewsciencesemerged,
3.nationallanguagesandculturestookshape,
4.artandliteratureflourished
Briefintroduction
▪TherearoseaninterestinthemanuscriptssurvivingfromancientGreeceandRome.Classicallearningandphilosophywereenthusiasticallystudied.
▪TheintellectualwisdomofancientGreeceandRomeencouragedarebirthofhumanspirit,arealizationofhumanpotentialfordevelopmentandcreation.
▪Neverbeforeinhumanhistoryweremenandwomensoeagertocreateanddiscoversomethingnew.InItalyagroupofartists,scientists,politicians,andwriterscreatedthemostbrilliantpageofcultureandscienceinRenaissanceEurope.
Examples:
①Copernicus(哥白尼)assertedthattheearthwasnotthecenteroftheuniverse;
②ThepassionatePetrarchproducedsonnetsthatinfluencedShakespeareandmanyothers;
③Boccaccio(卜伽邱)wrotetalesofeternalcharm:
TheDecameron;
④MarcoPolo(马可波罗)madejourneysintotheremotekingdomofChina;
⑤Michelangelo〔米开朗琪罗〕,LeonardodaVinci(达芬奇),Raphael(拉斐尔),andTitian(提香)createdpaintingsandsculpturesthatareinvaluabletreasuresoftheworld.
<2>Essenceandfeatures
▪Essence:
Itisthereflectionoftheriseofbourgeoisieinthesphereofculturallife.
〔另版本〕:
Renaissance,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptsto:
togetridofconservatisminFeudalistEurope;
tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,
tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.
Brieflyitisthereflectionoftheriseofbourgeoisiein
thesphereofculturallife.
▪Features:
therearetwostrikingfeatures
①Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.
②Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.
<3>RenaissanceandHumanism
■Renaissance:
thetermoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Indeed,agreatnumberoftheworksofclassicalauthorsweretranslatedintoEnglishduringthe16thcentury.
■Humanism:
Theprogressivethinkersofthehumanistsheldtheirchiefinterestnotinecclesiasticalknowledge,butinman,hisenvironmentanddoingsandbravelyfoughtfortheemancipationofmanfromthetyrannyofthechurchandreligiousdogmas.
Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.Itreflectedthenewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass;
<4>Humanism
HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreareverencefortheGreekandRomancivilizationbasedontheconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.
Contrarytothesubordinationofindividualstothefeudalrulesandthesacrificeofearthlylifeforafuturelifeinthemedievalsociety,Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentforperfection.
Byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoylife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.
<5>FeaturesofhumanisminRenaissance
Emphasizingthepower,valueanddignityofthehumanbeingandholdingthathumanbeingsaregloriouscreatures
ThecoreofRenaissancethoughtisthegreatnessofman/giants.ThisisbestsummarizedinthelinesofShakespeare’sHamlet
Whatapieceofworkisman;hownobleinreason;howinfiniteinfaculty,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable;inactionhowlikeandangel;inapprehensionhowlikeagod!
Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals.
人是一件多么了不起的杰作!
多么高贵的理性!
多么伟大的力量!
多么优美的仪表!
多么文雅的举动!
在行为上多么像一个天使!
在智慧上多么想一个天神!
宇宙的精华!
万物的灵长!
▪1.Emphasizingsecularhappinessandindividualismagainstthemedievalideasofasceticism;
▪2.shiftingman’sinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,frombeautyandgreatnessofGodtothebeautyofhumanbodyinallitsjoysandpains.
▪3.ApplyingAristotle’stheory,Humanistliteraturemainlyuserealisticstyleandtakeliteratureasthemirrororminiatureofthesociety.
<6>InfluenceandEnglishRenaissance
Influences:
1.TheseItalians,andmanyothers,helpedtomakeItalythecenteroftheRenaissancemovementinEurope.
2.ThemovementchangedthemedievalWesternEuropeintoamodernone.
3.TheintellectualwisdomofancientGreeceandRomeencouragedarebirthofhumanspirit,arealizationofhumanpotentialfordevelopmentandcreation
EnglishRenaissance:
OxfordReformers:
theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanistsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.
ThiswasEngland’sGoldenAgeinliterature.ThereappearedmanyEnglishliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Johnson,Sidney,Marlowe,BaconandDonne.
EnglishRenaissance
Contents
●I.TheSixteenthCenturyEngland
●II.RenaissanceinEngland
●III.Themainartisticstyles
●IV.WilliamShakespeare
●V.FrancisBacon
I.TheSixteenthCenturyEngland
1.EnclosureMovement
2.Theestablishmentofabsolutemonarchy
3.Religiousreformation
4.Internationalsituation
5.Culturalpreparati
●ThebackgroundofthehumanisminEurope
●Theintroductionofprintingledtoanenlargedreadingpublicandacommercialmarketforliterature;
●Thegreateconomicandpoliticalchangesledtotheriseofdemocracy;
●Thespiritofnationalism;
●Thegrowingof"newscience〞etc.
CharacteristicsoftheElizabethanAge
™1.Anageofcomparativereligioustolerance;
™2.Anageofcomparativesocialcontentment;
™3.Anageofdreams,ofadventures,ofunboundedenthusiasm;
™4.Anageofintellectualliberty,ofgrowingintelligenceandcomfortamongallclassesandofunboundedpatriotism.
II.RenaissanceinEngland
▪Thetime:
mainlyfromthereignofHenryVIII,Edward,MaryandthentoQueenElizabethandJacobeanEra
a.Beginning:
thelastyearsofthe15-thcentury---firsthalfofthe16-thcentury
b.Flourishing:
theElizabethanAge(1558-1603)
c.Declining:
theperiodofJamesI(1603-1625)early17-thcentury
ThefloweringofEnglishliterature
Thesecondhalfofthe16thcentury,“anestofsingingbirds〞
Theearlyperiod:
imitationandassimilation,translatedworks,poetryandpoeticdramawerethemostoutstandingliteraryforms.
▪Sonnet:
anexactformofpoetryin14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymed.
▪Blankverse:
iambicpentameterunrhymed
Thelatterperiod:
■Drama—therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance
™“universitywits〞:
Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,LodgeandNashwhoenteredthedramaticcirclebetweentheyears1587-93.theywereallofhumblebirthandstruggledforalivelihoodbywriting.Throughhardwork,theyrevisedoldplaysandwrotenewones.Theymaderapidprogressindramatictechniquesbecausetheyhasclosecontactwiththeactorsandaudiences.Theywerelookeddownuponbythegentlemenandsuspectedbythegovernment.ItwastheirindustriousworksthatfurnishedtheElizabethanstage.
™ChristopherMarlowe
™WilliamShakespeare
III.Themainartisticstyles
Theartisticstylesaslyricpoetry,narrativepoetry,dramaarematurized;newstyleswhichcharacterizedthemodernliteraturesuchassonnets,shortstoriesandnovelswereproduced.
■translation:
Ovid’sMetamorphoses,Homer’sIliad,Montaigne’sEssays
▪travelbooks:
More’sUtopia
▪poetry:
EdmundSpenser
▪drama:
“UniversityWits〞,Marlowe,Shakespeare
▪essay:
FrancisBacon
ThomasMoreandhisUtopia
■Forerunnerofutopiansocialism
▪AnimaginativetravelnarrativewrittenintheformofconversationbetweenMoreandHythloday,areturnedvoyagerdescribinganidealstategovernedbyreason.
▪Thesubjectisthesearchforthebestpossibleformofgovernment:
Utopia---acommunityofproperty---apure,pre-Marxformofcommunism.
Poetry:
EdmundSpenserandhisworks
■TheShepherd’sCalendar?
牧人日历?
:
12pastoralpoemsandeclogues,oneforeachmonth,putintothemouthsofspeakersdistinguishingthemselvesasshepherds,reallyrepresentingSpenserandhisfriends.
▪Amoretti?
爱情小诗?
:
aseriesof88sonnetsinhonorofhisloverElizabeth.AllexceptonewaswrittenintheSpenseriansonnet.
▪Epithlamion?
婚后曲?
:
marriagehymnstocelebratehismarriagewithElizabeth.
■TheFaerieQueene?
仙后?
:
▪Theblendingofreligiousandhistoricalallegorywithchivalricromance:
alongpoemplanned12books.12knightsforthequalitiesofthechivalricvirtues---thesixcompletedbooksareholiness,temperance,chastity,friendship,justiceandcourtesy.
FairyQueen—QueenElizabeth,theknightsasawhole---England,theevilfigures—enemies.
Themesofthepoem:
●nationalism(celebrationofQueenElizabeth)
●humanism(strongoppositiontoRom
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