1、homeMain Exercise shortcutEnglish Academic WritingChapter 5:Writing Style homeMain Exercise shortcutEnglish Academic WritingvLead in:(1)What is citation?How many kinds of citation are there and which kind do you prefer?v(2)What do you usually do with in-text citation?(3)What is plagiarism?How to avo
2、id it?(4)In pairs or groups,please discuss the details of references based on your experience?(5)What are the characteristics of language in academic paper?(6)what are the common style guides that you are familiar with?homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter Five:Writing Style Part One:Citation vs.Plagiar
3、ism Part Two:References Part Three:Language StylehomeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv1.Introduction Definition:v Citation is the act of identifying sources.A citation names the author and work and provides sufficient bibliographic information to allow the reader to
4、track down the original source.vTwo types of citation:v (1)Citation as note/reference,(2)Citation as material quoted.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism2.Guidelines for Citing the Ideas of OthersCite only the most appropriate and the latest literature.Cite the publi
5、shed literature.Provide citations for direct quotations and paraphrases,for ideas,and data taken from an original source.Accuracy in citation must be guaranteed.Citation format must be standardized.Be tentative in citation rather than being too assertive.Do not cite more than is necessary.Dont put a
6、“catch-all”citation at the end of a paragraph.Cite as you use.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv3.In-Text CitationvThree ways of in-text citation:Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.vE.g.v 1.The Internet is a useful research tool(Kwok,2018).2.Cyanide ha
7、s been found to inhibit enzyme action(Grubb,1977;Smith,1980;Taylor,1983).3.Cyanide has been found to inhibit enzyme action(Jones et al.,1985).homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause
8、and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.vE.g.v Kwok(2018)states that the Internet is a useful research tool.v v Lim(2018)states that that the Internet is a useful research tool.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism If you wish to emphasize
9、the date of the cited study,you can omit the parentheses by saying that:vE.g.vAs early as 2018,Kowk found that the Internet is a useful tool.Some journals just cite the sequence of the references in the text in order to save space.E.g.Vibration is used to prepare uniform granular mixtures or to segr
10、egate granular composites 3,7,12,16,19.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv4.Footnotes Definition:Footnotes,also called“bottom notes”or“end-of-the-page notes”,mark its use by adding a number in upper case to the upper right corner of the words or sentences to be not
11、ed,and then put the note in the bottom of the page.E.g._22 Note,this is different from the reference scenario referred to throughout this paper,in that it includes the impact on demand of prices generated by the ERIS model.23 And around 86%of cumulative alcohol consumption in transport.homeMain Exer
12、cise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv5.Endnotes Definition:Endnotes are put at the end of the article.Endnotes help readers understand and retrieve relevant documentations.It should be noted that the numbers of the endnotes must be consistent with the sequence in the article.vE.g
13、.v Notes1.Leonard Shatzkin,In Cold Type:Overcoming the Book Crisis(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1982).2.Paul Starr,“The Electronic Reader”,in Reading in the 1980s,ed.Stephen Braubard(New York:Bowker,1983),149.3.Shatzkin,79.4.Starr,149.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarismv
14、6.Plagiarism (1)Definition:v Plagiarism is the act of using someone elses ideas or words either in spoken or written form without giving that person credit.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism (2)Content:Quoting material without attribution.Passing off anothers idea
15、as your own,even if it has been reworded.Imitating a passages structure or argument without attribution.Concealing the extent to which borrowing from a text or other source has occurred.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart One:Citation vs.Plagiarism (3)Methods to avoid plagiarism:l Summarize w
16、hat you have read immediately after you have read it and without referring back to the source in order to avoid copying directly from the source.l When copying directly from the source or even paraphrase what you have read,be sure to note the page number from which it comes.l In writing,provide clea
17、r references to the sources quoted.l Document all the sources quoted in the References section.v go to mainhomeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv1.Introduction go to main There are many style guides for academic writing,but the most widely used ones are APA,CMS and MLA.Name Defin
18、ition Usage APAAmerican Psychological Association Guidelines and rules for proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the American Psychological Association (APA).Often used in social science works.CMSChicago Manual of Style Guidelines and rules on proper grammatical usage,citat
19、ion formats,or paper writing from either the Chicago Manual of Style or Kate L.MLAModern Language Association Guidelines and rules for proper grammatical usage,citation formats,or paper writing from the MLA.Often used in works on the liberal arts and humanities.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter Five
20、Part Two:Referencesv2.What Style Guide to Use?vlAnthropology:American Anthropological Associations Style GuidevOnline:http:/www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.htmvlBiology(also natural sciences):Council of Biology Editors Style ManualvOnline:http:/www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocCBE.htmlvlChemistry:Am
21、erican Chemical Society(ACS)Style GuidevOnline:http:/iws.ohiolink.edu/chemistry/info/acs.htmlvlEconomics:Turabian(a simplified Chicago style)vOnline:http:/www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocChicago.htmlvlEnglish:MLA Handbook for Writers of Research PapersvOnline:http:/www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook
22、/DocMLA.htmlv.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv3.Content of Referencesv(1)Authorv(2)Title and versionv(3)Source typev(4)Publication detailsv(5)Source of documenthomeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv4.References Systemsv(1)Sequential systemv(2)Author-Year
23、 systemSequential System arranges the references in chronological order according to the order of the references in the paper.Author-Year System arranges the reference according to the alphabetical order of the authors last name.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:ReferencesvActivity 1:v
24、Analyze the references of a linguistic journal and try to determine its characteristics.v参考文献vAlreck,P.L.&R.B.Settle.1985 The Survey Research Handbook M.Homewood,Illinois:Richard D.Irwin,Inc.vDewey,J.1933.How We Think M.New York:D.C.Health.vDewey,J.1938/1963.Experience and Education M.New York:Macmi
25、llan.Freeman,D.2002.The hidden side of the work:Teacher knowledge and learning to teach J .Language Teaching 35:1213.vFreeman,R.&J.C.Richards(eds.).1996.Teacher Learning in Language Teaching v C .Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.vFreeman,D.&K.Johnson.1998.Reconceptualizing the know
26、ledge base ofv language teacher education J .T ESOL Quarterly 32:3972417.vKaufman,D.2004.Constructivist issues in languagev learning and teaching J .Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24:303-319.v homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:ReferencesvKey:v Family name with initials comes first
27、,given name follows;v Journal article title is listed;v Journal name and book name are in italics,v When there are a number of authors,list them all.v.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv5.APA References Definition:v The APA style guide prescribes that the Reference section,bib
28、liographies and other lists of names should be indicated by last names first and mandates inclusion of first name prefixes.vE.g.v“Martin de Rijke”should be sorted as“De Rijke,M.”.“Saif Al Falasi”should be sorted as“Al-Falasi,S.”.Print Sources Electronic Sources Rules1.direct readers specifically to
29、the source material using URLs which work,2.include the access date,3.include all other relevant APA style details for the source.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Two:Referencesv6.ACS Style Definition:v The ACS style,a standard method of citation in academic publications,originated with th
30、e American Chemical Society(ACS).The Bibliography section of the ACS style appears at the end of the paper in alphabetical order if cited by author and date or in numerical order if cited by numbers.Book Book or Encyclopedia Chapter Internet Site Journal Newspaper.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter F
31、ivePart Two:Referencesv7.Cautionsv l All sources cited in the text must be documented in the References section.vl No other reference is listed in the References section unless it was cited in the text.vl Write as much information as necessary for the reference.vl Adapt the method of documentation t
32、o new needs.v go to mainhomeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Three:Language Stylev1.Introductionv Academic assignments usually follow a particular style;here are some commonly observed features:Tentative Formal Objective Concise VariedhomeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Three:Language S
33、tylev2.Tentativenessv(1)Avoid over-generalizations such as“always”and “every”,replace them with“often”and “many/much”.v(2)Use linguistic“hedges”(e.g.probably,seems,might be)to qualify generalizations.v(3)Use tentative words or phrases such as“tends to”,“indicates that”,“suggests that”.v(4)Limit your claimsbe realistic.homeMain Exercise shortcutChapter FivePart Three:Language StylevActivity 2:v Rew
