1、Stylistics第五稿doc 新Lecture Notes of English StylisticsLiu MingjingChapter One IntroductionI. Theoretic BackgroundCourse de Linguistique Generale by Ferdinand de Saussure laid the foundation of the modern linguistics.Prcis de stylistique by Charles Bally, student of Ferdinand de Saussure, laid the fou
2、ndation of stylistics.1. Linguistic Theory of Ferdinand de Saussure1) two aspects of language study: diachronic study and synchronic study2) Langue and parolelangue parole language system actual speechsocial individualabstract concreteessential accidentalstable changeable3) Syntagmatic and paradigma
3、tic relationsoIm very sorry to hear the news. awfully extremely4) Language is not substance but form5) Language is a social fact6) Language is a system of signs2. Stylistic Theory of Charles Bally1) Difference and DevelopmentLangue and parole (focus on parole)Language is a social fact (put it in pra
4、ctice)development: natural effect and associative effect of language 2) Points of View of Charles BallyStudy Object: Charles Bally thought that stylistics should study the expressive ways of language users and the affective language elementsFinal Goal: Estalishment of Linguistics which study parole
5、Linguisticsstudies how to expressmeaning in languagedenotative meaninglanguage systemStylisticsstudies how to make languageproduce stylistics effectsconnotative meaninglanguage in different social occasionsIn explaining what stylistics is, Charles Bally thought that language expresses both peoples i
6、deas and emotions and stylistics doesnt pursue the meanings but the explaination of communicative effects which constitute style. Linguistics studies the language function in communication and style is the product of the language communicative function. Language is a social fact because it reflects
7、the language users age, profession, educational level and cultural background. In using language, people always choose the appropriate expressing ways of words and structures according to the context. This is just the field which stylistics deals with.In a word, Ferdinand de Saussure studied the lan
8、guage system but Charles Bally studies the language used in different social occasions. In this sense, Charles Bally established stylistics.3. The Fundamental Principle of Charles Ballys Stylistics 1) The structure of language must be adapted to the requirement of communication.2) The idea or meanin
9、g has two sides: conceptual and non-conceptual, the former is decided by the social norm and the latter comes from the individuals experience and emotion.3) In language there must be elements which convey non-conceptual meaning.4) Stylistics should study the relation between language elements which
10、convey the non-conceptual meaning.4. Conceptual Meaning and Non-conceptual MeaningOne important function of language is to convey ideas. Idea or meaning can be divided into two parts: conceptual and non-conceptual. The conceptual part of ideas is the result of peoples judgement by the intellect, but
11、 emotion is the result of value judgement. In this way, emotion is the subjective element of peoples ideas, but the conceptual idea is the objective element. Idea is a combination of subjective and objective elements.5. Natural Effect and Evocative Effect （自然效果和联系效果）Charles Bally proposed two langua
12、ge effects: natural effect and evocative effect.Natural effect is produced directly and naturally by the language fact. Some language facts remind us to peoples social status, language environment occasion, etc. apart from the natural effect. This is called evocative effect.Through the natural effec
13、t we can know the speakers feelings and through the evocative effect we can know the speakers language environment.The achievement of these two effects depend more on the selection of vocabulary than the selection of syntax.eg: 1) Im sorry to trouble you, but could I ask you to close the door for me
14、?2) Would you mind closing the door?(a) I could do without the draught from that door;(b) Shut the door, will you?(c) Door!(d) Were you born in a barn?(e) I know a little boy who never leaves the door open 德军剩下来的东西战争结束了。他回到了从德军手里夺回的故乡，他匆匆忙忙地在路灯昏黄的街上走着。一个女人捉住他的手，用吃醉了酒似的口气和他讲：“到哪儿去？是不是上我那里？”他笑笑，说：“不。不
15、上你那儿我找我的情妇。”他回看了女人一下。他们两个人走到路灯下。女人突然嚷了起来：“啊”他也不由抓住了女人的肩头，迎着灯光。他的手指嵌进了女人的肉里。他们的眼睛闪着光。他喊道：“约安！”把女人抱了起来了。丈夫支出账单中的一页招聘女打字员的广告费（支出金额）提前一星期预付给女打字员的薪水（支出金额）购买送给女打字员的花束（支出金额）同她共进的一顿晚餐（支出金额）给夫人买衣服（一大笔开支）给岳母买大衣（一大笔开支）招聘中年女打字员的广告费（支出金额） 马克吐温6. The Difference Between Modern Stylistics and Traditional Stylistics
16、 and RhetoricsModernTraditionaldescriptiveoral languagesocial nature, background of languagepriscriptivewritten languagegeneral rhetoric, speaking art II. Some Basic Concepts1. What is style?1) Style as form (Aristotle)2) Style as eloquence (Cicero)3) Style is the man (Buffon)4) Saying the right thi
17、ng in the most effective way (Enkvist)5) Style as equivalence (Jakobson)6) Style as foregrounding (Leech and Short, Makarovsky)7) Style as deviation (Mukarovsky & Spitzer)8) Style as prominence (Halliday)9) Style as the selection of features partly determined by the demands of genre, form, theme, et
18、c. (Traugott and Pratt)10) A mans style is his minds voice (Emerson)11) Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style (Swift)12) Enkvist:（1）Style is the very thought itself. （2）Style is a shell surrounding a pre-existing core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to central cor
19、e of thought or expression. （3）Style is a set of individual characteristics. It is the man himself. （4）Style is deviation from a norm. （5）Style is a set of collective characteristics. （6）Style as the linguistic features that communicate emotions and thought (Enkvist) （7）Style as the choice between a
20、lternative expressions (Enkvist)2. What is stylistics?G.W. Turner (1973) says, “Stylistics is that part of linguistics which concentrates on variation in the use of language. Stylistics means the study of style, with a suggestion, from the form of the word, of a scientific or at least a methodical s
21、tudy.” Widdowson (1975) gives a further explanation, “By stylistics, I mean the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation and I shall take the view that what distinguishes styl8istics from literary criticism on the one hand and linguistics on the other is that it is essentially a mea
22、ns of linking the two.”In a word, stylistics is an inter-disciplined branch of learning which studies various differences between formal and informal, between deviant and normal, between magnificent and plain, between professional and popular, between foreign and domestic, between this and that indi
23、vidual.3. Style and situationLanguage in an article or a speech tells us a great deal about individuals, about where they come from, and the social and educational background, how old they are, what hobbies and what interests they have. In communication we ought to adjust our behavior including our
24、language behavior, to our surroundings. This adjusting to our situation depends on the degree of formality and familiarity among the participants and the importance of the occasion.1. Frozen StyleThe occasions for using Frozen Style are often the most highly significant and symbolic in the culture.
25、The people involved may be persons of distinction who deserve special respect and treatment.Example 1: (routine expressions used in the court of law)“Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, have you reached the verdict?”“Our father, who are in heaven, hallowed by Thy name, Thy kingdom come?”“Do I hear a m
26、otion?”“I do move the resolution.”“I there a second?”I second it.”“And further discussion?”“Call the question.”“All in favor of the resolution signify by saying Aye.”“Aye.”“Opposed?”“Nay.”“The Ayes have it. The resolution passes.”Example 2: (a law document)IN UPON THE DEATH OF THE LIFE INSURED there
27、 shall be no duly constituted personal representative or nominee or assignee of the Life Insured ale and willing to give a valid receipt for the sum payable such sum may in the discretion of the Committee of Management be paid to one or more or more of the next-of-kin of the Life Insured whose recei
28、pt shall effectually discharge the Society from all liability under this policyIN WITNESS WHEREOF we the Secretary and two of the Committee of Management of the Society have hereunto attached our signatures-no punctuation marks as it is read by eyes, not by mouth-key words capitalized-archaic words:
29、 whereof (for this matter), hereunto (so), hereby (by means of this), hereafter (in this document and after this point)-technical words: duly (proper), constituted (appointed, entrusted), nominee, assignee, valid, payable, discretion (will, opinion), insured, effectually-synonyms coordinated: able a
30、nd willing, nominee or assignee-long and complex sentences without omission2. Formal StyleFormal Style is used in important situations, but they are not historic or symbolic. In spoken English, formal style is our polite, dressed-up variety. Here is a group of examples of this kind. Please make a co
31、mparison with their consultative equivalents in the third kind:(1) OK. Ladies and gentlemen, we take great pleasure in presenting for todays discussion on the ranges of appropriateness in American English two distinguished scholars in the field, first Roger W. Schie, the eminent sociolinguist, Director of the Socio-linguistics Program of Georgetown. However formal style is mainly used in written language:(2) South Africa has acceded to an agreement on the coordinated control of sea transport for commercial purposes.(3) The conclusion of Beethovens Ninth is magnificent. The motif of the symp
