Stylistics第五稿doc新.docx
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Stylistics第五稿doc新
LectureNotesofEnglishStylistics
LiuMingjing
ChapterOneIntroduction
I.TheoreticBackground
CoursedeLinguistiqueGeneralebyFerdinanddeSaussurelaidthefoundationofthemodernlinguistics.
PrécisdestylistiquebyCharlesBally,studentofFerdinanddeSaussure,laidthefoundationofstylistics.
1.LinguisticTheoryofFerdinanddeSaussure
1)twoaspectsoflanguagestudy:
diachronicstudyandsynchronicstudy
2)Langueandparole
langueparole
languagesystemactualspeech
socialindividual
abstractconcrete
essentialaccidental
stablechangeable
3)Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelation
so
I’mverysorrytohearthenews.
awfully
extremely
4)Languageisnotsubstancebutform
5)Languageisasocialfact
6)Languageisasystemofsigns
2.StylisticTheoryofCharlesBally
1)DifferenceandDevelopment
Langueandparole(focusonparole)
Languageisasocialfact(putitinpractice)
development:
naturaleffectandassociativeeffectoflanguage
2)PointsofViewofCharlesBally
StudyObject:
CharlesBallythoughtthatstylisticsshouldstudytheexpressivewaysoflanguageusersandtheaffectivelanguageelements
FinalGoal:
EstalishmentofLinguisticswhichstudyparole
Linguistics
studieshowtoexpress
meaninginlanguage
denotativemeaning
languagesystem
Stylistics
studieshowtomakelanguage
producestylisticseffects
connotativemeaning
languageindifferentsocialoccasions
Inexplainingwhatstylisticsis,CharlesBallythoughtthatlanguageexpressesbothpeople’sideasandemotionsandstylisticsdoesn’tpursuethemeaningsbuttheexplainationofcommunicativeeffectswhichconstitutestyle.Linguisticsstudiesthelanguagefunctionincommunicationandstyleistheproductofthelanguagecommunicativefunction.Languageisasocialfactbecauseitreflectsthelanguageusers’age,profession,educationallevelandculturalbackground.Inusinglanguage,peoplealwayschoosetheappropriateexpressingwaysofwordsandstructuresaccordingtothecontext.Thisisjustthefieldwhichstylisticsdealswith.
Inaword,FerdinanddeSaussurestudiedthelanguagesystembutCharlesBallystudiesthelanguageusedindifferentsocialoccasions.Inthissense,CharlesBallyestablishedstylistics.
3.TheFundamentalPrincipleofCharlesBally’sStylistics
1)Thestructureoflanguagemustbeadaptedtotherequirementofcommunication.
2)Theideaormeaninghastwosides:
conceptualandnon-conceptual,theformerisdecidedbythesocialnormandthelattercomesfromtheindividual’sexperienceandemotion.
3)Inlanguagetheremustbeelementswhichconveynon-conceptualmeaning.
4)Stylisticsshouldstudytherelationbetweenlanguageelementswhichconveythenon-conceptualmeaning.
4.ConceptualMeaningandNon-conceptualMeaning
Oneimportantfunctionoflanguageistoconveyideas.Ideaormeaningcanbedividedintotwoparts:
conceptualandnon-conceptual.Theconceptualpartofideasistheresultofpeople’sjudgementbytheintellect,butemotionistheresultofvaluejudgement.Inthisway,emotionisthesubjectiveelementofpeople’sideas,buttheconceptualideaistheobjectiveelement.
Ideaisacombinationofsubjectiveandobjectiveelements.
5.NaturalEffectandEvocativeEffect(自然效果和联系效果)
CharlesBallyproposedtwolanguageeffects:
naturaleffectandevocativeeffect.
Naturaleffectisproduceddirectlyandnaturallybythelanguagefact.Somelanguagefactsremindustopeople’ssocialstatus,languageenvironmentoccasion,etc.apartfromthenaturaleffect.Thisiscalledevocativeeffect.
Throughthenaturaleffectwecanknowthespeaker’sfeelingsandthroughtheevocativeeffectwecanknowthespeaker’slanguageenvironment.
Theachievementofthesetwoeffectsdependmoreontheselectionofvocabularythantheselectionofsyntax.
eg:
1)I’msorrytotroubleyou,butcouldIaskyoutoclosethedoorforme?
2)Wouldyoumindclosingthedoor?
(a)Icoulddowithoutthedraughtfromthatdoor;
(b)Shutthedoor,willyou?
(c)Door!
(d)Wereyouborninabarn?
(e)Iknowalittleboywhoneverleavesthedooropen
德军剩下来的东西
战争结束了。
他回到了从德军手里夺回的故乡,他匆匆忙忙地在路灯昏黄的街上走着。
一个女人捉住他的手,用吃醉了酒似的口气和他讲:
“到哪儿去?
是不是上我那里?
”
他笑笑,说:
“不。
不上你那儿—我找我的情妇。
”他回看了女人一下。
他们两个人走到路灯下。
女人突然嚷了起来:
“啊”
他也不由抓住了女人的肩头,迎着灯光。
他的手指嵌进了女人的肉里。
他们的眼睛闪着光。
他喊道:
“约安!
”把女人抱了起来了。
丈夫支出账单中的一页
招聘女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)
提前一星期预付给女打字员的薪水……(支出金额)
购买送给女打字员的花束……(支出金额)
同她共进的一顿晚餐……(支出金额)
给夫人买衣服……(一大笔开支)
给岳母买大衣……(一大笔开支)
招聘中年女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)
马克·吐温
6.TheDifferenceBetweenModernStylisticsandTraditionalStylisticsandRhetorics
Modern
Traditional
descriptive
orallanguage
socialnature,backgroundoflanguage
priscriptive
writtenlanguage
generalrhetoric,speakingart
II.SomeBasicConcepts
1.Whatisstyle?
1)Styleasform(Aristotle)
2)Styleaseloquence(Cicero)
3)Styleistheman(Buffon)
4)Sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)
5)Styleasequivalence(Jakobson)
6)Styleasforegrounding(LeechandShort,Makarovsky)
7)Styleasdeviation(Mukarovsky&Spitzer)
8)Styleasprominence(Halliday)
9)Styleastheselectionoffeaturespartlydeterminedbythedemandsofgenre,form,theme,etc.(TraugottandPratt)
10)Aman’sstyleishismind’svoice(Emerson)
11)Properwordsinproperplacesmakethetruedefinitionofstyle(Swift)
12)Enkvist:
(1)Styleistheverythoughtitself.
(2)Styleisashellsurroundingapre-existingcoreofthought.Itisregardedasanadditiontocentralcoreofthoughtorexpression.
(3)Styleisasetofindividualcharacteristics.Itisthemanhimself.
(4)Styleisdeviationfromanorm.
(5)Styleisasetofcollectivecharacteristics.
(6)Styleasthelinguisticfeaturesthatcommunicateemotionsandthought(Enkvist)
(7)Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions(Enkvist)
2.Whatisstylistics?
G.W.Turner(1973)says,“Stylisticsisthatpartoflinguisticswhichconcentratesonvariationintheuseoflanguage….Stylisticsmeansthestudyofstyle,withasuggestion,fromtheformoftheword,ofascientificoratleastamethodicalstudy.”Widdowson(1975)givesafurtherexplanation,“Bystylistics,ImeanthestudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientationandIshalltaketheviewthatwhatdistinguishesstyl8isticsfromliterarycriticismontheonehandandlinguisticsontheotheristhatitisessentiallyameansoflinkingthetwo.”
Inaword,stylisticsisaninter-disciplinedbranchoflearningwhichstudiesvariousdifferencesbetweenformalandinformal,betweendeviantandnormal,betweenmagnificentandplain,betweenprofessionalandpopular,betweenforeignanddomestic,betweenthisandthatindividual.
3.Styleandsituation
Languageinanarticleoraspeechtellsusagreatdealaboutindividuals,aboutwheretheycomefrom,andthesocialandeducationalbackground,howoldtheyare,whathobbiesandwhatintereststheyhave.Incommunicationweoughttoadjustourbehaviorincludingourlanguagebehavior,tooursurroundings.Thisadjustingtooursituationdependsonthedegreeofformalityandfamiliarityamongtheparticipantsandtheimportanceoftheoccasion.
1.FrozenStyle
TheoccasionsforusingFrozenStyleareoftenthemosthighlysignificantandsymbolicintheculture.Thepeopleinvolvedmaybepersonsofdistinctionwhodeservespecialrespectandtreatment.
Example1:
(routineexpressionsusedinthecourtoflaw)
“Ladiesandgentlemenofthejury,haveyoureachedtheverdict?
”
“Ourfather,whoareinheaven,hallowedbyThyname,Thykingdomcome?
”
“DoIhearamotion?
”
“Idomovetheresolution.”
“Ithereasecond?
”
Isecondit.”
“Andfurtherdiscussion?
”
“Callthequestion.”
“Allinfavoroftheresolutionsignifybysaying‘Aye’.”
“Aye.”
“Opposed?
”
“Nay.”
“TheAye’shaveit.Theresolutionpasses.”
Example2:
(alawdocument)
INUPONTHEDEATHOFTHELIFEINSUREDthereshallbenodulyconstitutedpersonalrepresentativeornomineeorassigneeoftheLifeInsuredaleandwillingtogiveavalidreceiptforthesumpayablesuchsummayinthediscretionoftheCommitteeofManagementbepaidtooneormoreormoreofthenext-of-kinoftheLifeInsuredwhosereceiptshalleffectuallydischargetheSocietyfromallliabilityunderthispolicy
INWITNESSWHEREOFwetheSecretaryandtwooftheCommitteeofManagementoftheSocietyhavehereuntoattachedoursignatures
-nopunctuationmarksasitisreadbyeyes,notbymouth
-keywordscapitalized
-archaicwords:
whereof(forthismatter),hereunto(so),hereby(bymeansofthis),hereafter(inthisdocumentandafterthispoint)
-technicalwords:
duly(proper),constituted(appointed,entrusted),nominee,assignee,valid,payable,discretion(will,opinion),insured,effectually…
-synonymscoordinated:
ableandwilling,nomineeorassignee
-longandcomplexsentenceswithoutomission
2.FormalStyle
FormalStyleisusedinimportantsituations,buttheyarenothistoricorsymbolic.InspokenEnglish,formalstyleisourpolite,dressed-upvariety.Hereisagroupofexamplesofthiskind.Pleasemakeacomparisonwiththeirconsultativeequivalentsinthethirdkind:
(1)OK.Ladiesandgentlemen,wetakegreatpleasureinpresentingfortoday’sdiscussionontherangesofappropriatenessinAmericanEnglishtwodistinguishedscholarsinthefield,firstRogerW.Schie,theeminentsociolinguist,DirectoroftheSocio-linguisticsProgramofGeorgetown.
Howeverformalstyleismainlyusedinwrittenlanguage:
(2)SouthAfricahasaccededtoanagreementonthecoordinatedcontrolofseatransportforcommercialpurposes.
(3)TheconclusionofBeethoven’sNinthismagnificent.Themotifofthesymp
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