雅思备考练习提升The Conquest of Malaria 更新.docx
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雅思备考练习提升The Conquest of Malaria 更新.docx
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雅思备考练习提升TheConquestofMalaria更新
TEST7
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26whicharebasedon
ReadingPassage2below.
TheConquestofMalariainItaly,1900-1962
Mal-aria.Badair.EventhewordisItalian,andthishorriblediseasemarkedthelifeofthoseinthepeninsulaforthousandsofyears.Yetby1962,Italywasofficiallydeclaredmalaria-free,andithasremainedsoeversince.FrankSnowden’sstudyofthissuccessstorytakesustoareashistorianshaverarelyvisitedbefore.
AEverybodynowknowsthatmalariaiscarriedbymosquitoes.Butinthe19thcentury,mostexpertsbelievedthatthediseasewasproducedby"miasma”or"poisoningoftheair".Othersmadealinkbetweenswamps,waterandmalaria,butdidnotmakethefurtherleaptowardsinsects.Theconsequencesofthesetheorieswerethatlittlewasdonetocombatthediseasebeforetheendofthecentury.Thingsbecamesobadthat11mItalians(fromatotalpopulationof25m)were"permanentlyatrisk"'.Inmalarialzonesthelifeexpectancyoflandworkerswasaterrifying22.5years.Thosewhoescapeddeathwereweakenedorsufferedfromsplenomegaly—a"painfulenlargementofthespleen"and"alifelessstare".Theeconomicimpactof
thediseasewasimmense.EpidemicswereblamedonsouthernItalians,giventhewidespreadbeliefthatmalariawashereditary.Inthe1880s,suchtheoriesbegantocollapseasthedreadedmosquitowasidentifiedastherealculprit.
BItalianscientists,drawingonthepioneeringworkofFrenchdoctorAlphonseLaveran,wereabletopredictthecyclesoffeverbutitwasinRomethatfurtherkeydiscoveriesweremade.GiovanniBattistaGrassi,anaturalist,foundthataparticulartypeofmosquitowasthecarrierofmalaria.Byexperimentingonhealthyvolunteers(mosquitoeswerereleasedintoroomswhere
theydrankthebloodofthehumanguineapigs),Grassiwasabletomakethedirectlinkbetweentheinsects(allfemalesofacertainkind)andthedisease.Soon,doctorsandscientistsmadeanotherstartlingdiscovery:
themosquitoesthemselveswerealsoinfectedandnotmerecarriers.Everyyear,duringthemosquitoseason,malarialbloodwasmovedaroundthepopulationbytheinsects.DefinitiveproofofthesenewtheorieswasobtainedafteranextraordinaryseriesofexperimentsinItaly,wherehealthypeoplewereintroducedintomalarialzonesbutkeptfreeofmosquitobites—andremainedwell.ThenewItalianstatehadthenecessaryinformationto
tacklethedisease.
CAcomplicatedapproachwasadopted,whichmadeuseofquinine-adrugobtainedfromtreebarkwhichhadlongbeenusedtocombatfever,butwasnowseenasacrucialpartofthewaronmalaria.Italyintroducedaquininelawandaquininetaxin1904,andthedrugwasadministeredtolargenumbersofruralworkers.Despiteitsoftenterribleside-effects(theheadachesproducedwereknownasthe**quinine-buzz”)thedrugwassuccessfulinlimitingthespreadofthedisease,andinbreakingcyclesofinfection.Inaddition,Italysetupruralhealthcentresandinvestedheavilyineducationprogrammes.Malaria,asSnowdenshows,wasnownotjustamedicalproblem,butasocialandregionalissue,andcouldonlybedefeatedthroughmultilayeredstrategies.Politicswasitselftransformedbytheanti-malarialcampaigns.Itwasoriginallydecidedtogivequininetoallthoseincertainregions-evenhealthypeople;peasantswereoftensuspiciousofmedicinebeingforceduponthem.Doctorsweresometimesmetwithhostilityandrefusal,andmanyweredubbed"poisoners”.
DDespitetheseproblems,thestrategywashugelysuccessful.Deathsfrommalariafellbysome80%inthefirstdecadeofthe20thcenturyandsomeareasescapedaltogetherfromthescourgeofthedisease.War,from1915-18,delayedthecampaign.Fundsweredivertedtothebattlefieldsandthefightagainstmalariabecameamilitaryissue,layingthewayforthefascistapproachtotheproblem.Mussolini’spoliciesinthe20sand30saresubjectedtoaseriouscross-examinationbySnowden.Heshowshowmuchoftheregime'sclaimstohave"eradicated"malariathroughmassivelandreclamation,forcedpopulationremovalsandauthoritarianclean-upswerepurepropaganda.Massdrainingwasinstituted—oftenatagreatcostasMussoliniwagedwarnotonthediseaseitself,butonthemosquitoesthatcarriedit.Thecleansing
ofItalywasalsoethnic,as"carefullyselected'*ItalianswerechosentoinhabitthegleamingnewtownsoftheformermarshlandsaroundRome.The"successes"underfascismwereextremelyvulnerable,basedastheywereonatop-downconceptoferadication.Aswarsweptthroughthedrainedlandsinthe40s,thediseasereturnedwithavengeance.
EInthemostshockingpartofthebook,Snowdendescribes—passionately,butwiththeskillofagreathistorian_howtheretreatingNaziarmiesinItalyin1943-44deliberatelycausedamassivemalariaepidemicinLazio.Itwas"theonlyknownexampleofbiologicalwarfarein20thcenturyEurope".Shamefully,theItalianmalariaexpertAlbertoMissirolihadaroletoplayinthedisaster:
hedidnotdistributequinine,despitebeingwellawareoftheepidemictocome.SnowdenclaimsthatMissiroliwasalreadypreparinganewstrategy—withthesupportoftheUSRockefellerFoundation—usinganewpesticide,DDT.Missiroliallowedtheepidemictospread,inordertocreatetheidealconditionsforamassive,andlucrative,humanexperiment.Fifty-fivethousandcasesofmalariawererecordedintheprovinceofLittoriaalonein1944.It
isestimatedthatmorethanathirdofthoseintheaffectedareacontractedthedisease.Thousands,nobodyknowshowmany,died.Withthewarover,theUSgovernmentandtheRockefellerFoundationwerefreetoexperiment.DDTwassprayedfromtheairand3mItalianshadtheirbodiescoveredwiththechemical.Theeffectsweredramatic,andnobodyreallycaredaboutthetoxiceffectsofthechemical.
FBy1962,malariawasmoreorlessgonefromthewholepeninsula.ThelastcaseswerenotedinapoorregionofSicily.OneofthefinalvictimstodieofthediseaseinItalywasthepopularcyclist.FaustoCoppi.HehadcontractedmalariainAfricain1960,andthefailureofdoctorsinthenorthofItalytospotthediseasewasasignofthetimes.Afewdecadesearlier,theywouldhaveimmediatelynoticedthetell-talesigns;itwaslaterclaimedthatasmalldoseofquininewouldhavesavedhislife.Astherearestillmorethan1mdeathseveryyearfrommalariaworldwide,Snowdensbookalsohascontemporaryrelevance.Thisisadiseasethataffectseverylevelofthesocietieswhereitisrampant.Italsoprovidesuswithmessageofhopeforaworldstrugglingwiththegreatpresent-daymedicalemergency".
Questions14-18
CompletethesummarybelowusingNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthe
passage.
Writeyouranswersinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.
Beforethelinkbetweenmalariaand14_____wasestablished,thereweremany
populartheoriescirculatingamongthepublic,oneofwhichpointsto15_,the
uncleanair.Thelackofpropertreatmentaffectedthecountrysobadlythatrural
peopleinmalariainfestedplaceshadextremelyshort16_.Thediseasespread
soquickly,especiallyinthesouthofItaly,thusgivingrisetotheideathatthe
diseasewas17______.Peoplebelievedinthesetheoriesuntilmosquitowasfound
tobethe18____inthe1880s.
Questions19-21
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage2?
Inboxes19-21onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
19ThevolunteersoftheItalianexperimentsthatprovidedassuringevidence
werefromalloverItaly.
20It’spossibletocomeoutofmalarialzonesalive.
21Thegovernmentsuccessfullymanagedtogiveallpeoplequininemedication.
Questions22-26
ReadingPassage2hassixparagraphs,A-F.
Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?
Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes22-26onyouranswersheet.
22Abreakthroughinthetheoryofthecauseofmalaria
23Astoryfortoday’sreaders
24Adescriptionofanexpertwhodidn’tdoanythingtorestrictthespreadof
disease
25Asetbackinthebattleagainstmalariaduetogovernmentpolicies
26Adescriptionofhowmalariaaffectsthehumanbody
显示答案
14.insects/mosquitoes
15.miasma
16.lifeexpectancy
17.hereditary
18.realculprit
19.NotGiven
20.True
21.False
22.B
23.F
24.E
25.D
26.A
题目详解
Questions14-18
14.该题目不容易直接定位,只能利用顺序性原则知道该题目信息应该在文章开头。
实
际上该题目信息出现在15题之后,也就是A段落的第三句话“Othersmadealink
betweenswamps,waterandmalaria,butdidnotmakethefurtherleaptowardsinsects’’当然,如果根据A段落第一句话“Everybodynowknowsthatmalariaiscarriedbymosquitoes”确定答案为mosquitoes也算对。
所以该题正确答案为insects或mosquitoes。
15.顺序性原则和细节信息“uncleanair”定位于原文第一句话,Butinthe19thcentury,mostexpertsbelievedthatthediseasewasproducedbymiasmaorpoisoningoftheair”,这里“poisoningoftheair”所以正确答案为“miasma”。
16.细节信息“ruralpeople”,”malariainfestedplaces”定位于原文A段落
“Inmalarialzonesthelifeexpectancyoflandworkerswasaterrifying22.5years’这里“landworkers”对应题目信息“ruralpeople”,“malarialzones”X被题目信息“malariainfestedplaces”,“terrifying22.5years”所以正确答案为lifeexpectancy。
17.利用细节信息“thesouthofItaly”定位于原文A段落倒数第二句话“Epidemicswere
blamedonsouthernItalians,giventhewidespreadbeliefthatmalariawashereditary”,这里“epidemics”对应题目信息“spreadsoquickly”,所以正确答案为hereditary。
利用细节信息“1880s”定位于原文A段落最后一句话“Inthe1880s,suchtheoriesbegantocollapseasthedreadedmosquitowasidentifiedastherealculprit,原文这里提及,在1880s人们最终发现蚊子才是真正的罪魁祸首(“therealculprit”),所以正确答案为culprit或realculprit。
Questions19-21
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