wuthering heights 呼啸山庄英语专业本科毕业论文.docx
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wuthering heights 呼啸山庄英语专业本科毕业论文.docx
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wutheringheights呼啸山庄英语专业本科毕业论文
ACommentontheRomanticisminWutheringHeights
PartOne.Introduction
TheEnglishfemalenovelistEmilyBronteisworld-renownedforherwonderfulnovel-WutheringHeights.Thisnovelisfamousforitsgothicstyleaswellasitslovetheme,whichattractreadersinanextrememethodandtechnique.Mostofitsreadersintendtoallocateitinto“horrorfiction”,becausetherearetoomanyhorribleplotsandterrifiedatmospherethatshadeitstenderemotiontosomedegree.Noonecanescapethecreepyfeelingfromthecontent;however,itisjustthepointthatreallyforgesitsreaders.Totakeitanotherway,thebackgroundofalovestorymixedwithsomedescriptionofnaturalscenerysoftensthehorriblefeeling.Everylovestoryhasitsromanticcolor,nomatterhowgloomyortragicitis,isanaffectionateandbeautifulcanto.
Thenwecanseesomethingspecialfromthenovel.Thenarrativetellsthetaleoftheall-encompassingandpassionate,yetthwartedlovebetweenHeathcliffandCatherineEarnshaw,andhowthisunresolvedpassioneventuallydestroysboththemselvesandmanyaroundthem.
First,itisalovetragedyfromwhichEmilypresentedalifeofadeformedsocietyanddrawstheoutlineofhumanitythatwaswarpedbytheabnormalsociety,andaseriesofterribleeventscausedbyit.Fromthisanglewecanlearnthatitsromanticingredientisrareespecially.
ThisthesiswillgiveadetailedcommentontheRomanisminWutheringHeightsbyanalyzingsomemaincharactersandtheenvironment,aswellasthewholebackgroundofthisnovel.
1.1TheIntroductionoftheAuthor
EmilyBrontëwasborninThornton,nearBradfordinYorkshire,toPatrickBrontëandMariaBranwell.ShewastheyoungersisterofCharlotteBrontëandthefifthofsixchildren.In1824,thefamilymovedtoHaworth,whereEmily'sfatherwasperpetualcurate,anditwasinthesesurroundingsthattheirliteraryodditiesflourished.Betweentheyears1824and1825EmilyattendedtheschoolatCowanBridgewithCharlotte,andthenwaslargelyeducatedathome.Inchildhood,afterthedeathoftheirmother,thethreesistersandtheirbrotherPatrickBranwellBrontëcreatedimaginarylands,whichwerefeaturedinstoriestheywrote.LittleofEmily'sworksfromthisperiodsurvived,exceptforpoemsspokenbycharacters.
In1838,EmilycommencedworkasagovernessatMissPatchett'sLadiesAcademyatLawHillSchool,nearHalifax,leavingafteraboutsixmonthsduetohomesickness.Later,withhersisterCharlotte,sheattendedaprivateschoolinBrusselsrunbyConstantinHegerandhiswife,ClaireZoëParentHeger.Theylatertriedtoopenupaschoolattheirhome,buthadnopupils.
Herfather'sbookshelfofferedavarietyofreading:
theBible,Homer,Virgil,Shakespeare,Milton,Byron,Scottandmanyothers.ThechildrenalsoreadenthusiasticallyarticlesoncurrentaffairsandintellectualdisputesinBlackwood'sEdinburghMagazine, Fraser'sMagazine,and EdinburghReview.
UnlikeCharlotte,Emilyhadnoclosefriends.Shewroteafewlettersandwasinterestedinmysticism.ItwasthediscoveryofEmily'spoetictalentbyCharlottethatledherandhersisterstopublishajointcollectionoftheirpoetryin1846,PoemsbyCurrer,Ellis,andActonBell.Toevadecontemporaryprejudiceagainstfemalewriters,theBrontësistersadoptedandrogynousfirstnames.Allthreeretainedthesameinitials:
CharlottebecameCurrerBell,AnnebecameActonBellandEmilybecameEllisBell.
DuringtheirstayinBrusselsin1842,Emily'shealth,likehersisters',hadbeenweakenedbytheharshlocalclimateathomeandatschool.ShecaughtacoldduringthefuneralofherbrotherinSeptember,whichledtotuberculosis.Refusingmedicalhelp,shediedonDecember19th,1848atabouttwointheafternoon.
1.2TheBackgroundoftheNovel
In1847,shepublishedheronlynovel,WutheringHeights,astory-within-a-story,astwovolumesofathreevolumeset(thelastvolumebeingAgnesGreybyhersisterAnne),didnotgainimmediatesuccessasCharlotte's JaneEyre.Itsinnovativestructuresomewhatpuzzledcritics.Althoughitreceivedmixedreviewswhenitfirstcameout,ithasacclaimedlaterfameasoneofthemostintensenovelswrittenintheEnglishlanguage,thebooksubsequentlybecameanEnglishliteraryclassic.In1850,CharlotteeditedandpublishedWutheringHeightsasastand-alonenovelandunderEmily'srealname.IncontrasttoCharlotteandAnne,whosenovelstaketheformofautobiographieswrittenbyauthoritativeandreliablenarrators,Emilyintroducedanunreliablenarrator,Lockwood.HeconstantlymisinterpretsthereactionsandinteractionsoftheinhabitantsofWutheringHeights.MorereliableisNellyDean,thehousekeeper,whohaslivedfortwogenerationswiththenovel'stwoprincipalfamilies,theEarnshawsandtheLintons.
1.3ASummationfortheContentoftheNovel
LockwoodisagentlemanvisitingtheYorkshiremoorswherethenovelisset.AtnightLockwooddreamsofhearingafell-firesermonandthen,awakening,herecordstapsonthewindowofhisroom."...Idiscerned,obscurely,achild'sfacelookingthroughthewindowterrormademecruel;and,findingituselesstoattemptshakingthecreatureoff,Ipulleditswristonthebrokenpane,andrubbedittoandfrotillthebloodrandownandsoakedthebedclothes:
stillitwailed,"Letmein!
"andmaintaineditstenaciousgripe,almostmaddeningmewithfear."(EmilyBronte,1999:
20).ThehandsbelongtoCatherineLinton,whoseeerieappearanceechotheviolentturnsoftheplot.Inaseriesofflashbacksandtimeshifts,BrontëdrawsapowerfulpictureoftheenigmaticHeathcliff,whoisbroughttoHeightsfromthestreetsofLiverpoolbyMrEarnshaw.HeathcliffistreatedasEarnshaw'sownchildren,CatherineandHindley.AfterMr.Earnshaw'sdeathHeathcliffisbulliedbyHindleyandheleavesthehouse,returningthreeyearslater.MeanwhileCatherinemarriesEdgarLinton.Heathcliff’sdestructiveforceisunleashed.Catherinediesgivingbirthtoagirl,anotherCatherine.Heathcliffcurseshistruelove:
"...CatherineEarnshaw,mayyounotrest,aslongasIamliving!
YousaidIkilledyouhauntmethen!
"(EmilyBronte,1999:
32).HeathcliffmarriesIsabellaLinton,Edgar'ssister,whofleestothesouthfromherlovelessmarriage.TheirsonLintonandCatherinearemarried,butthealwayssicklyLintondies.Hareton,Hindley'sson,andtheyoungwidowbecameclose.Increasinglyisolatedandalienatedfromdailylife,Heathcliffexperiencesvisions,andhelongsforthedeaththatwillreunitehimwithCatherine.
PartTwo.RomanticisminWutheringHeights
2.1TheRomanticismReflectedintheNovel
Firsttheromanticismisamovementprevailinginthe19thcenturyinWesternWorldinliterature,artmusicandphilosophybeginningasareactionandprotestagainstthebondageofrulesandcustomsofneo-classicism.Itwasmarkedandisalwaysmarkedbyastoryreaction.Itreturnstonatureandplainhumanityformaterial.Itbringsaboutarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.Itisalsomarkedbysympathyforpoorpeopleandthusadeepunderstandingtowardcommonpeople.Itisamovementexpressionofindividualoriginalityanddifferentpoetsrealizedtheirvariety.Adreamofgoldenageisestablishedagainststernrealities.Imaginationisthekeypoint.Onreflectingthereallife,romanticismmainlystartsfrompeople’ssubjectiveinnerworld,voicesthepursuittotheidealworld.Italwaysuseswordswithfullenthusiasmaswellastherosyimaginationandexaggerativedevicestoforgecharacters.Itisrightlytheenthusiasticaspirationtotheidealworldthatsuggeststhedissatisfactiontowardstherealworld.SotheromanticisminWutheringHeightsisnotaneasytopicatall.Insteadofbeingdessert―softlyyummycakesafterameal,itismorelikeaportionofpoison,arosyandfantasticdreammadebythosepeoplewhoeagertofindanoutletintherealworldbutinvain.
Sincethe1830s,eventhoughrealismgraduallybecomesthemainstreaminliteraryworld,theinfluenceofromanticliteraryhasn'trunout.Focusedonromanticfiction,romanticismisinterestedinbizarreandterror.Italwaysavoidsrealismthatisofpatientandcarefulobservation;instead,itlikestomakefulluseofimagination,likesthefiercewordsanddeeds,uglycharacterandabnormalpreference,andthissituationineverythingcanbefoundinWutheringHeightsofrichexamples.
Wecanmakeacontrastbetweenthefeaturesaboveandthecontentofthenovel.Emilywroteitinthe1840swhenromanticismwaspopularatitsmost.AlthoughWutheringHeightswasthoughttobearealisticworkbyalargenumberofpeople,it’sundeniablethatitmusthavebeeninfluencedbythegreattideofromanticism.Theromanticismhasatensiontonatureandtheoriginalhumanity,inanotherword;itappealstotheundecoratedthingsinlifeandlikestoexplorethedeepestinnerworldofpeopleinWutheringHeights,thereisagreatdealdescriptionofnatureandtheauthordoesn’thideherlovetothatbeautifulscenery.Andattheendofthenovel,Heathliffcommitssuicideafterhetookrevengeandreachedhispurpose.HisdeathisadeadlovethatexpresseshislovetowardsCatherinewillneverchangetillhisdeath,apursuittoloveinthedeterminationthatalthoughtheycan’tlivetogetherbuttheycanstruggletogetrotteninthesametomb.Thereviveofhishumanityisasublimeofspiritandshineswiththeauthor’shumanitarianideal,andalsogiveabeamofhopefullightinthehorriblelovetragedy.SoHeathcliff’slove—hatred―revenge―reviveofhumanity一isnotonlytheessenceofthenovelbutalsoaredlinethroughoutthestory.Thenastothesympathytowardsthepoor,th
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