博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文.docx
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博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文.docx
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博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文
博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文
KeytotheExercises
UnitOneScience
Text1CanWeReallyUnderstandMatter?
I.Vocabulary
1.A2.B3.A4.C5.D6.B7.B8.C
II.Definition
1.Apriority2.Momentum3.Animplication4.Polarization
5.thedistancethatlighttravelsinayear,about5.88trillionmilesor9.46trillionkm.
6.acontradictoryorabsurdstatementthatexpressesapossibletruth
7.adevicethatspeedsupchargedelementaryparticlesorionstohighenergies
III.Mosaic
1.Thestress:
(Omitted)
Pronunciationrule:
AnEnglishwordendedwith–tionor–sionhasitsstressonthelastsyllablebutone.
2.molecule
3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.A
IV.Translation
A.(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)
B.InSeptember1995,anti-hydrogenatom—ananti-matteratom—wassuccessfullydevelopedinEuropeanParticlePhysicsLaboratoryinSwitzerland.Afterthestartlingnewsspreadout,scientistsintheWestwhowereindulgedintheresearchofanti-matterweregreatlyexcited.Whiletheywereattemptingtoproduceandstoreanti-matterastheenergyforspacecraft,theyraisedanewquestion:
Manyofthemysteriousnuclearexplosionsintherecentonehundredyearsareconnectedwithanti-matter.Thatistosay,thesehard-to-explainexplosionsaretricksplayedbyanti-matter.Theyarethe“destruction”phenomenoncausedbytheimpactbetweenmatterandanti-matter.
V.Grouping
A.Uncertainty:
whatif,illusory,indescribable,puzzle,speculation,seemingly,insomemysteriousway
B.Contrast:
moredaunting,thehardestofhardsciences,dolittletodiscourage,fromafar,closescrutiny,workamazinglywell
C.ApplicationsofQuantummechanics:
themomentumofachargingelephant,buildingimprovedgyroscopes
1.probabilities2.illusory3.discourage4.scrutiny
VI.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting
(Omitted)
Writing•Strategy•Definition
I.Completethefollowingdefinitionswiththehelpofdictionaries.
1.Tobribemeanstoinfluencethebehaviororjudgmentofothers(usuallyinpositionsofpower)unfairlyorillegallybyofferingthemfavorsorgifts.
2.Gravityisdefinedasthenaturalforcebywhichobjectsareattractedtoeachother,especiallythatbywhichalargemasspullsasmalleronetoit.
3.ThemillenniumbugreferstothecomputerglitchthatarisesfromaninabilityofthesoftwaretodealcorrectlywithdatesofJanuary2000orlater.
4.Globalizationisunderstoodasthedevelopmentsoastomakepossibleinternationalinfluenceoroperation.
II.Writeaone-paragraphdefinitionofthefollowingwords.
1.hypothesis
Ahypothesisisanideawhichissuggestedasapossiblewayofexplainingfacts,provinganargument,etc.Throughexperiments,thehypothesisiseitheracceptedastrue(possiblywithimprovements)orcastoff.
2.science
Scienceisdefinedastheintellectualandpracticalactivityencompassingthesystematicstudyofthestructureandbehaviorofthephysicalandnaturalworldthroughobservationandexperiment.
3.superstition
Superstitionreferstoabeliefwhichisnotbasedonreasonorfactbutonoldideasaboutluck,magic,etc.Forexample,itisacommonsuperstitionthatblackcatsareunlucky.
4.pessimism
Pessimismisatendencytogivemoreattentiontothebadsideofasituationortoexpecttheworstpossibleresult.Apersonwithpessimismisapessimistwhothinksthatwhateverhappensisbad.
5.individualism
Individualismistheideathattherightsandfreedomoftheindividualarethemostimportantrightsinasociety.Ithasabadsenseinthatlittleattentionispaidtotherightsofthecollectiveoragoodoneinthatindependenceisemphasizedratherthandependenceonothers.
Text2PhysicsAwaitsNewOptionsasStandardModelIdles
I.Vocabulary
1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.D8.B
II.Definition
1.Arefrain2.Aspark3.Ajingle4.Symmetry
5.developsorstudiestheoriesorideasaboutaparticularsubject.
6.studiestheoriginandnatureoftheuniverse.
7.studiesthestarsandplanetsusingscientificequipmentincludingtelescopes.
III.Mosaic
1.gravity2.anti-/opposite
3.D4.B5.A6.A7.B8.A
IV.Translation
A.(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)
B.TheStandardModelofparticlephysicsisanunfinishedpoem.Mostofthepiecesarethere,andevenunfinished,itisarguablythemostbrilliantopusintheliteratureofphysics.Withgreatprecision,itdescribesallknownmatter–allthesubatomicparticlessuchasquarksandleptons–aswellastheforcesbywhichthoseparticlesinteractwithoneanother.Theseforcesareelectromagnetism,whichdescribeshowchargedobjectsfeeleachother’sinfluence:
theweakforce,whichexplainshowparticlescanchangetheiridentities,andthestrongforce,whichdescribeshowquarkssticktogethertoformprotonsandothercompositeparticles.ButaslovelyastheStandardModel’sdescriptionis,itisinpieces,andsomeofthosepieces–thosethatdescribegravity–aremissing.Itisafewshardsofbeautythathintatsomethinggreater,likeafewlinesofSapphoonafragmentofpapyrus.
V.Grouping
A.Particlephysics:
supersymmetry,equation,superpartners,string
B.Strangeness:
bizarre,beyondthekenof
C.Antonyms:
gravity–antigravity
1.novelty2.revelatory3.Symmetry4.gravity
VII.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting
(Omitted)
Writing•Strategy•ExemplificationandIllustration
(Omitted)
Text3SupportingScience
I.Vocabulary
1.D2.C3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.A9.C10.D11.B12.A
II.Definition
1.Aportfolio2.Avista3.Cryptography4.Paleontology
5.abusinessoranundertakingthathasrecentlybegunoperation
6.agroupofpeoplehavingcommoninterests
7.apersonwithseniormanagerialresponsibilityinabusinessorganization
III.Rhetoric
1.pouringmoneyinto2.column3.unbridled4.twilight5.blossomedinto
IV.Mosaic
1.phenomenoncriteriondatummedium
(becausethesewordsoriginatedfromLatinandretaintheirLatinpluralform)
2.A3.A4.B5.B6.B7.C8.B
V.Translation
A.(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)
B.Thefivescientistswhowonthe1996NobelPrizepointoutthatthepresentprosperityanddevelopmentarebasedonthefruitsofbasicscientificresearchandthenegligenceofbasicscientificresearchwillthreatenhumandevelopmentofthe21stcentury.
EUcountriesnoticedthatoneoftheirweaknessesis“insufficientinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment.”KoreaandSingaporedonothesitatetopourmoneyintoresearchanddevelopment.ThedevelopedcountriesintheWesthaveusedmostofthescientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentresourcesfortheresearchanddevelopmentofnewandhightechnology.Thishasbecomeanobvioustrendatpresent.Itisevidentfromtheexperiencesofvariouscountriesthatnewandhightechnologycancreateandformnewindustries,openupandsetupnewmarkets.Theinnovationoftraditionalindustrieswithnewandhightechnologyisakeymethodtostrengthenthecompetitivecompetencyofanenterprise.
VI.Grouping:
A.Negligenceofbasicresearch:
corporatebreakups,cutbackonresearch,ignoreit,subjecttoaprotracteddissectionandreview,second-guessing,droppeddramatically,subjectedtoascrutiny,skirkingoursupport
B.Significantexamplesofbasicresearch:
computing,biotechnology,theInternet,numbertheory,complexanalysis,codingtheory,cryptography,dinosaurpaleontology,geneticsresearch)
C.Waystointensifyarguments:
movedsupportforsciencefroma“wanttohave”squarelyintothe“needtohave”column
1.resounding2.second-guessing3.downsized4.subjected
VII.TopicsforDiscussionandWriting
(Omitted)
Writing•Strategy•Comparison,Contrast,andAnalogy
(Omitted)
Text4WhyMustScientistsBecomeMoreEthicallySensitiveThanTheyUsedtoBe?
I.Vocabulary
1.B2.B3.A4.C5.B6.D7.D8.A9.D10.B11.B12.D
II.Definition
1.Aconstraint2.Algorithm3.Aprerequisite4.Ethics
5.animportanttopicorproblemfordebateordiscussion
6.aperson’sprinciplesorstandardsofbehaviour;one’sjudgementofwhatisimportantinlife.
7.aformalplanputforwardforconsiderationtocarryoutaproject
III.Rhetoric
1.brushedunderthecarpet2.smell3.handsandbrains
4.battlefront5.module...module
IV.Mosaic
1./z//s//s//z//s/
/s//iz//z//s//z/
/iz//z//s//z//z/
/z//s//s//z//z/
/s/aftervoicelessconsonants
/z/aftervoicedconsonants
/iz/afterawordendedwith–es
2.B3.D4.A5.D6.A7.C
V.Translation
A.(RefertotherelevantpartoftheChinesetranslation)
B.Scientistsandmedicalethicistsadvocatetheprohibitionofhumancloningasawaytoproducelife.Theyallagreethathumancloningexertsseverethreatsonhumandignity.Socialcriticspointoutthatclonedchildrenwilllackpersonalityandnoumenon.G.Annas,professorofhealthlawsinBostonuniversity,pointsoutthat“humancloningshouldbebannedbecauseitmayfundamentallyalterthedefinitionofourselves.”
VI.Grouping:
A.Thechangeofattitudestowardsethicalconsideration:
occupymediaslotsandSundaysupplements,latestbattlefront,cannolongerbesweptaside,moresensitive
B.Academicscience:
aworldwideinstitutionalweb,peerreview,respectforpriorityofdiscovery,comprehensivecitationoftheliterature,meritocraticpreferment,smuggleethicalconsiderationsfromprivatelife,frompolitics,fromreligion,fromsheerhumanitariansympathy
C.Industrialscience:
intimatelyinvolvedinthebusinessofdailylife
D.Post-academicscience:
asuccessionof“projects”,compoundmoralriskswithfinancialrisks,largelytheworkofteamsofscient
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