物流国际术语.docx
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物流国际术语.docx
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物流国际术语
NewlycompiledonNovember23,2020
物流国际术语
物流国际术语(英文版)
TheLanguageofLogistics
ASupplyChainandLogisticsGlossary
Copyright1997byEdwardH.BlicksteinDuplicatingforsharing
withothers,byanymeans,isillegal.PrintedinUSA
Year2000Issue
Purpose
Writtenandcompiledforthebenefitoflogisticsandtransportationprofessionals,studentsofthefield,andforclientsofTranSolutionsConsulting.Itishopedthatthistoolwillenabletheusertogainabetterunderstandingoflogisticsbyprovidingausefulandeasy-to-understandglossarythatwillbeup-datedannually.TheauthorandTranSolutionsConsultingacknowledgeimportantcontributionsfrommanyofitsclient'slogisticsandtransportationpersonnelaswellasinformationderivedfromotherexpertsourcesinthecompilationofthisglossary.
ThisissueofTheLanguageofLogisticsattemptstoincludethenewestterminologyandacronymsutilizedinthefieldofbusinesslogistics.Specialattentionhasbeenmadetocompiletermsandofferadviceinconnectionwithyear2000businessissues(nottheY2Kissue)likee-commerce.However,Imakenoclaimthatthisissueis100%completeasthechallengeofcompiling,researching,defining,andoccasionallycreatingmeaningfulterminologyisneverending.Writersinthefieldoflogisticsandsupply-chainmanagement,consultingfirms,industryprovidersof3PLservices,transportationcompanies,andshippersareconstantlycontributingtothedevelopmentofnewterminologythroughtheireffortstoimprovetheeffectivenessofsupply-chainmanagement.Consequently,thelanguageoflogisticsisalwaysexpandingduetotheevolvingnatureofthefield.
Asyouusethistoolyouwillnotethatthereisanewemphasisontechnology,theInternet,ande-commerce.WhilemosteveryoneisawareofthecurrentconsumerorientationoftheInternetande-commerce,thegreatestgrowthoverthenextseveralyearswillbeintheuseoftheInternetinbusiness-to-business(B2B)applicationsnotinbusinesstoconsumer(B2C)。
Theseapplications,forlogisticsandsupplychainimprovement,willrangefromprocurement,inventorymanagement,distribution,andtransportationtosales(includingorderentry)andcustomerservice.
Asaresult,logisticsandsupplychainprofessionalswillcontinuetobeconstantlychallengedbythespeedofchangeandemphasisoncostreductionintheircompaniesaswellasinbusinessingeneral.Itishopedthatthispublicationwillassisttheseprofessionalsintheirworkbybeingagoodreferencesource.
Studentsofsupplychainandlogisticsshouldcontinuetofindthispublicationbeneficialaswell.In1999,universityandcollegestudentsworldwideaccountedforalmost50%ofdownloadsofthispublication.Also,infutureeditionsIwillattempttodoabetterjobat'internationalizing“thispublication.
Lastbutnotleast,mostoftheobservationsandopinionsreflectedinthispublicationaretheresultofprojectworkperformedforourclientsoverthelastsixyears.ThisincludesourpartnershipworkwithMoore&Associates.
Section1:
SupplyChainManagementandLogistics
Supply-chainmanagementisoneofthehottesttopicsofdiscussiontodayamongstCEO'sandotherseniorofficersofbusinessesworldwide.Articlespermeatethebusinesspressandmanypublicationshavedesignateditasthelastfrontierforcreatingstrategiccompetitiveadvantage.WhyalltheinterestTheansweristhatcompaniesworldwidearenowcognizantofthegreatpotentialforcostreductionandincreasedcustomerservicefromsuccessfulsupply-chainmanagement.
Thepayoffpotentialcanresultfromreductionoreliminationofinventories,beingabletorespondquicklytocustomizedorders,reductionoreliminationofstepsinmovinggoodstomarket,enhancedcustomerservice,upstreamvendorrelationships,andtransportationimprovementsincludingcarrierprograms.
Inthisregard,logisticscanhelpimproveacompany'ssalesbyaddingvalueinavarietyofways.Specifically,byprovidingameansforensuringthatgoodsarepreparedforsaleproperlyanddeliveredquickly.Thiscouldinvolvespecializedpackaging,labeling,kitting,constructingfloorreadypallets,shipmentconsolidations,pooling,andmerge-in-transitprograms,anythingthatgetsproductsdownstreamfaster.Excellentcustomerservicecandifferentiateacompanyinthemarketplaceandhelpthatcompanywincontracts.
Errorfreedeliveryaccomplishedonaconsistentbasisisakeydifferentiator.Indealingswithourclientsand3PLs,TranSolutionsConsultingfindsthatmostofthetimetheabilitytohavealmostreal-timevisibilitytoinformationisanoperatingadvantageoramarketingadvantagedependingonwhetheryouaretheclientorthe3PL.Thisisimportantbecausesupplychainsarebeingshortenedandcompaniesaredependingonmorefrequentshipmentsfromtheirpartner-supplierssothatvisibilitytocomponentwhereaboutsisextremelycritical.Allofthenewlogisticsstrategiesshouldberemovingsignificantcostfromsupplychainsbutasmanycompanieshavefound,itisallintheexecution.
For1999,accordingtoTheController'sReport,totallogisticscostsrose%overthepreviousyearwhenmeasuredaspercentageofsalesand%whenmeasuredbycostperhundredweight.Thecostelementsmeasuredweretransportation,warehousing,orderentry/customerservice,administrative,andinventorycarrying.Theaveragecompanylogisticscostswere%ofsalesand/or$costperhundredweight.MostprofessionalsbelievethereisampleroomforimprovementbyoptimizingthesupplychainandincludingtheuseofnewinventorymanagementtoolslikeVMI,e-commerce,andbyimprovedplanningbetweenpartnersandinternalfunctionalgroups.Executioniskey.
ThisfirstsectionofTheLanguageofLogisticsdefinestermsfrequentlyusedbylogisticsprofessionals,writers,andconsultantsandrepresentsanumbrellaapproachtoorganizingthesetermsrecognizingthattheultimategoaloflogisticsprofessionalsistointegratelogisticsprocessestotheoverallsupply-chainofacompany.Thesectionsfollowingflowinanorderrelatedtowhatisusuallygivenemphasisfirstbutisnotintendedtorankareasofopportunity,asthiswillvarybycompany.
ABC:
ActivityBasedCostingisavaluabletoolforcostmanagement,totalqualitymanagementandbusinessprocessreengineering.Originally,amethodforproductcosting,itisnowusedforgeneratingaccuratecostinformationthatrelatestoavarietyofdecisions.ABCisolatesdirectcostsandoverheadstospecificproducts,customers,andservicesattributingactivitycostsonlyiftheactivitiesareperformedontheproductsorservices.
BaldrigeAward:
ReferstotheMalcolmBaldrigeNationalQualityAwardinstitutedbythe.Congressandpresentedannuallytouptosix.companiesfortheirexcellenceinimprovingquality.
Benchmarking:
Anapproachtoimprovingperformancethroughcomparisonofcurrentoperationsagainstanotheroperationormode.Benchmarkingcanbeappliedtoanypartofthesupplychaintoevaluatecurrentoperationsandsetperformancegoalsthroughtheimplementationof“bestpractices”。
BestPractices:
Referstocompanieswhoseoperationssettheindustrystandardforperformanceinoneormoreareas.
BPI:
BusinessProcessImprovement.Termusedwhenlogisticsmanagerstakeaprocessimprovementapproachtoimprovethecompany'slogisticsprocessperformance.ABPImodelisconstructedforapprovalwiththeobjectivebeingsuccessfulimplementation.Usually,thenextinvolvesabenchmarkingeffort(casestudy)inordertoapplywhathasbeenlearned.
Capabilities:
Broaderthancorecompetencies,capabilitiesencompassesprocessessuchasordercycletime,customerservice,aswellasoverallbusinessbehaviorandculture.Referto“corecompetencies,”“demand-orientedcapabilities,”and“supply-orientedcapabilities”inthispublication.
CategoryManagement:
Themanagementofindividualproductcategoriesasstrategicbusinessunits.Emphasizesprofitsandsalesforentireproductgroupsratherthanindividualbrands.
C-commerce:
“Collaborativecommerce”。
Thisinvolvescombiningtradingpartnerstoreducecostthroughthesharingoflogisticsresources.
CDL:
“ConsumerDirectLogistics”。
Thisconsistsofprocessingandfulfillmentofconsumerordersfromaretailstoreordedicateddistributioncenter.andPeapodaretwoexamplesofcompaniesperfectingthischannel.
Channel:
Businesscomponentsofacompany'ssupplychainsuchasmanufacturingsupport,manufacturing,distribution,andretailingordirectsales.Productmovesfromonechannelmember,withvaluebeingadded,tothenextchannelmemberuntilproductreachesthecustomer.Achannelmayalsobeageographicareaorzonewhereinvolumesareshipped.
CollaborativeSupplyNetwork:
Anetworkthatmanagestheconvergenceofexecutionnetworksandstrategicplanning.CoreCompetency:
Attributes,processes,knowledge,abilitiesandskillsthatallowafirmtoachievecompetitiveadvantage.Oftenusedtomeanthingsacompanydoesbest.See“capabilities”。
CCM:
Abbreviationfor“CommerceChainManagement”。
CCMconsistsofsystems,commercenetworks,procurement,andin-houseor3PLlogistics.
CPFR:
Abbreviationfor“MeansCollaborativePlanningForecastingandReplenishment”。
Purposeistocreateefficientflowofinformationamongstsupplychainpartners(.vendors,customers)。
CR:
“CollaborativeReplenishment”。
Whenlargeretailerssharealltheirneedsona52-week,individualstorebasiswiththeirsuppliers.
CRP:
“ContinuousReplenishmentPlanning/Program”。
Thisisaninnovativelogisticsmethodthatintegratesthelogisticsoperationsofthesupplierandthecustomerintoonecoordina
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