高中化学必修2知识点归纳人教版.docx
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高中化学必修2知识点归纳人教版.docx
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高中化学必修2知识点归纳人教版
高中化学必修2知识点归纳_人教版(Highschoolchemistryknowledgerequired2induction_Renjiaoban)
Thefirstchapteristheperiodiclawofmatterstructureelements
Thesamecycle,thecyclenumber=thenumberofelectrons
Classperiodicordinalstopelementsincludethenumberofelementsandthenumberofelectronsoutsidethenucleus
Shortperiod1H-He21
2Li-Ne82
3Na-Ar83
Longperiod4K-Kr184
5Rb-Xe185
6Cs-Rn326
7incompleteFr-112(118)26(32)7
Seventhcycles,atomicnumber113114115116117118
Anumber=numberofelectronsintheoutermostshellAAAIIIIVVVIVIIAA0
Thefamilynumberofelementsofafamilygroupelement=theoutermostelectronnumberofanelement(or:
theprincipalfamilynumber=theoutermostelectronnumber)
18longitudinal(7maingroup;7subgroup;agroup0;agroupVIII(8,9,10andthreelongitudinal))
ThemaingroupA7consistsofshortcycleelementsandlongcycleelements
SubgroupB7completelybylongperiodofelementsofGroupVIIIandallsubgroupknownastransitionmetalelements
VIII13longitudinal
Neutral1raregaselementisnotverylively
Alkalimetallithium,sodium,potassium,rubidium,cesium,francium(Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs,Fr)
Structurebecausetheoutermostlayerisonlyoneelectron,easytoloseelectrons,showing+1price,
Thedensityofphysicalpropertiesincreasesgraduallyandgraduallyincreases
Themeltingpointgraduallydecreases(abnormally)
Chemically,thenumberofelectronsoutsidethenucleusincreases,andtheoutermostelectronsarefartherawayfromthenucleus,
Graduallyincreasingtheabilitytoloseelectrons,themetalgraduallyincreased,themoreactivemetal
Halogenfluorine,chlorine,bromine,iodineorastatine(F,Cl,Br,I,At)
Structurebecausetheoutermostlayerhas7electrons,easytogetelectrons,showing-1price,
Thedensityofphysicalpropertiesincreasesgradually
Theboilingpointisgraduallyrising(normal)
Color,status,colorgraduallydeepen,gas~liquidtosolid
Solubilitygraduallydecreases
Chemically,thenumberofelectronsoutsidethenucleusincreases,andtheoutermostelectronsarefartherawayfromthenucleus,
Theelectroncapacitydecreasesgradually,andthenonmetalgraduallydecreases,andthemetalbecomesinactive
Reactedviolentlywithhydrogen:
F2>Cl2>Br2>I2
HydridestabilityHF>HCl>HBr>HI
Hydrideaqueoussolution,acidicHF Themorestablehydridesare,themoredifficultitistoionizeinwaterandtheweakertheacidity Three.Nuclide Atomicmassismainlydeterminedbythemassofprotonsandneutrons. Massnumber(A)=thenumberofprotons(Z)+10subnumber(N) Anatomofanatomofacertainnumberofprotonsandacertainnumberofneutrons Isotopesofisotopeswiththesamenumberofprotonsanddifferentnumbersofneutronsarecalledisotopesofdifferentatoms "Parity"meansthattheprotonnumberisthesame,thepositionintheperiodictableisthesame,thenuclidereferstoasingleatom,andtheisotopereferstotherelationshipbetweenthenuclides Theisotopicpropertiesofthesameelementarealmostthesame,butthephysicalpropertiesaredifferent Inanaturallyoccurringelement,whetherfreeorcompound,theabundancesofvariousisotopes(atomicpercentages)aregenerallyunchanged I.stepsofelectronsoutsideanatomicnucleus Layerordinal1234567 ElectroniclayersymbolsK,L,M,N,O,P,Q Farfromthenucleus,fromneartofar Energyfromlowtohigh Themaximumnumberofelectronsineachlayershallbe2x12=2,2x22=8,2x32=18,2x42=32,2x52=50,2x62=72,2x72=98 Nonmetallicandmetallicproperties(generallaw): Electronicouterlayer,electronnumbergainandloss,electrontrend,elementproperties Metalelement<4iseasilylostinmetal Nonmetallicelements>4areeasilynonmetallic Determinethestrengthofmetalmetal: non-metallicnon-metallicstrengthjudgment: Water(acid)reactwithhydrogentomakehydrogenmoreactive.Themoreactiveitis,theeasieritistocombinewithhydrogen,andthemorestableandmoreactivethehydrideisproduced, Thehighestpriceisstrongerandmoreactivealkalineoxidehydratehighhydratemoreacidicoxidemorelively Livelymetalreplacement,lesslively,metallively,non-metallicreplacement,lessactivenon-metallic Thenegativemetalofthegalvaniccellismoreactivethanthatofthepositiveelectrode Periodiclawofelements: thepropertiesofelementsundergoperiodicchangeswithincreasingatomicnumberofelements.Thislawiscalledtheperiodiclawofelements 1A,themoreleftthelower,themoreactivemetal,thegreatertheradiusoftheatom,theoutermostlayerofthefartherfromthenucleus,thestrongerthereducibility. Themoreeasilyandwater(oracid)H2reactionisintense,highalkalineoxidehydratesmorestrong B,themoretheright,themorenon-metallic,themoreactive,thesmallertheradiusoftheatom,theoutermostlayerclosertothenucleus,thestrongertheoxidation. ThemoreeasyandH2combinationisfiercer,thehighestpriceofthemoreacidicoxidehydrate 2.Methodsforinferringshortperiodelements(second,thirdcycles) Blockdiagram: Asecondcycles,iftheprotonnumberofAisZ CBDthirdcycles,iftheoutermostelectronnumberofAisa Z2+a Z+7,Z+8,Z+9,9+a,10+a,11+a Therelationbetweenthepropertiesof2.elementsandthepositionofelementsintheperiodictable I,II,IIIAAA,A,A,IVVVIandVIIAA0 One 2B 3AlSi 4GeAs 5SbTe 6PoAt Seven Relationshipbetweenthevalenceoftheelementpositionintheperiodictable: Themainelementsare: thehighestprice=highestnumberis+threevalencegroupminimumnegativevalence,=8 Periodictableofelements: periodicordinal=Electronlayernumber;principalgroupordinal=outermostelectronnumber; Atom: atomicnumber=nuclearprotonnumber=nuclearchargenumber=outercoreelectronnumber Chemicalbond Ionicbond: thechemicalbondbetweenanionandcationformedbyelectrostaticinteractionbetweenmetalandnonmetalatoms Covalentbond: thechemicalbondbetweenatomsbysharingelectrons;betweentwononmetallicatoms Nonpolarcovalentbonds: thesamenonmetallicatomformsacovalentbond(anelectronpairisnotdeflected)betweentwoidenticalnonmetallicatoms Polarcovalentbond: theformationofacovalentbond(anelectronpair)betweentwodifferentnonmetallicatoms He,Ar,Ne,andotherraregasesaremonatomicmolecules,andthereisnochemicalbondbetweenmolecules Covalentcompoundshavecovalentbondsandmustnotcontainionicbonds;ioniccompoundshaveionicbondsandmaycontaincovalentbonds Thesecondchapter,chemicalenergyandheatenergy Inreaction,theoldchemicalbondsbreakdown,absorbenergy,formnewchemicalbondsafterreaction,andthenformandreleaseenergy SigmaE(reactant)>SigmaE(generator)-emitsenergy SigmaE(reaction)lessthanSigmaE(generator)-absorbsenergy Twobasiclawsofnature,thelawofconservationofmass,andthelawofconservationofenergy Acommonexothermicreaction;acommonendothermicreaction CombustionreactionofBa(OH)8H2O+2NH4Cl==BaCl2+2NH3=+10H2O2? Neutralizationreaction,CO2+C=CO ThermitreactionNH4NO3solubleinwater(shakeice) Secondsectionsofchemicalandelectricalenergy NegativeZn2e=Zn2+(Zn+2H+=Zn2++H2=oxidation) Positive2H++2e=H2=(reduction),currentdirectionofelectronflowtoZnCutoZnCu Theconditionofaprimarycell: adevicethatconvertschemicalenergyintoelectricalenergy Therearetwokindsofmovablemetal(ornonmetalconductor)usedaselectrodes,whichareactivetonegativeelectronloss Redoxreactionbetweenactivemetalandelectrolytesolution.Thetwopolesareconnectedtoformaclosedcircuit Twotimesbattery: rechargeablebattery,twoenergy: afteraprimaryenergyprocessing,conversionofenergy Commonbatteries,drycells,leadbatteries,silverzincbatteries,cadmiumnickelbatteries,fuelcells(alkaline) Thirdratesandlimitsofchemicalreactions Theconceptofachemicalreactionrateexpressedasadecreaseintheconcentrationofreactantsoranincreaseintheconcentrationofanagentperunittime. Unit: mol/(L? S)ormol/(L? Min)expressionofV(B)=DeltaC/deltaT Thesamereactionspeedrateexpressedbycoefficientofdifferentsubstancesandisproportionaltothereactionequation Theinternalcause(mainfactor)affectingtherateofchemicalreaction: thechemicalpropertiesofthesubstancesinvolvedinthereaction Externalconcentration,pressure,temperature,catalystparticlesize Thelargerthechange,thehighertheheightandthesmallerthesurfacearea Speedaffectsfast,fast,fast,fast,fast Thelimitofachemicalreaction: theextenttowhichareversiblereactioncanbecarriedout(nottotheend) Thelimitthatthereactioncanreach: whenthereversiblereactionispositive,thereactionrateisthesameastheinversereactionrate,theconcentrationofreactantsandtheproductarenotchanged,andabalancestateisreachedonthesurface". Thecondition,concentration,pressure,temperatureofchemicalequilibrium Controlofchemicalreactionconditions Itisusuallynecessarytoconsidertwopointsasmuchaspossibletomakethefuelburnsufficientlyandincreasetheutilizationratioofrawmaterial: Oneistohaveenoughairwhenburning;two,thereisalargeenoughcontactareabetweenthefuelandtheair Thirdchapterorganiccompound Section1thesimplestorganiccompoundmethane TheoxidationreactionofCH4(g)2O2(g),CO2(g)+2H2O(L) ThesubstitutionreactionofCH4Cl2(g),CH3Cl+HCl Alkaneformula: CnH2n+2n=4foral
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