有关英语作文的技巧及用法docx.docx
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有关英语作文的技巧及用法docx.docx
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有关英语作文的技巧及用法docx
首先,一个段落必须有一个屮心即主题思想,该屮心由主题句特别是其屮的题旨来表达。
整个段落必须紧扣这个主题(stickorholdtothetopic),这就是段落的统一性(unity)。
其次,一个段落必须有若干推展句,使主题思想得到充分展开,从而给读者一个完整的感觉,这就是完整性(completenessoradequateness)o
再者,一个段落不是杂乱无章的,而是有机的组合,句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑,从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅(smooth),这就是连贯性(coherence)□下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。
1.统一性
一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心,任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。
请看下例:
JoeandIdecidedtotakethelongtripwefdalwayswantedacrossthecountry.Wewerelikeyoungkidsbuyingourcamperandstockingitwithallthenecessitiesoflife.Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie.WestartedoutinearlyspringfromMinneapolisandheadedwestacrossthenorthernpartofthecountry.Webothenjoyedthosepeoplewemetatthetrailerpark.Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner.Tooursurprise,wefoundthatwelikedthewarmsouthernregionsverymuch,andsowedecidedtostayhereinNewMexico.
本段的主题句是段首句,controllingidea(中心思想)是takethelongtripacrossthecountryo文屮出现两个irrelevantsentences,一个是Bellabakesthebestrhubarbpie,这一段是讲的是JoeandI,中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。
还有,Joereceivedawatchathisretirementdinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。
考生在四级统考的作文卷上常常因为造出irrelevantsentences(不相关语句)而丢分,值得引起注意。
再看一个例子:
MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCAforanexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframeagain.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek・EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby.
本段的controllingidea是liketodeepphysicallyfit,但段中有两个irrelevantsentences,一个是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek,另一个是Mymotherwasaprematurebaby。
从上而两个例子可以看出,nativespeakers同样会造出来irrelevantsentenceSo卷面上如果这种句子多了,造成偏题或离题,那问题就更严重了。
2.完整性
正象我们前面说得那样,一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现,如果只有主题句而没有推展句來进一步交待和充实,就不能构成一个完整的段落。
同样,虽然有推展句,但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待,给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。
这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。
例如:
Physicalworkcanbeausefulformoftherapyforamindinturmoil.Workconcentratesyourthoughtsonaconcretetask.Besides,itismoreusefulto
workyouproducesomethingratherthanmoreanxietyordepression.
本段的主题句是段首句。
本段的两个推展句均不能冋答主题句中提出的问题。
什么是“amindinturmoil"(心境不平静)Physicalwork又如何能改变这种情况?
为什么它能起therapy的作用?
读者得不到明确的答案。
由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100〜120个词的三段式短文,每一段只有大约40个词左右,因此,要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。
例如:
Itisnotalwaystruethatagoodpictureisworthathousandwords.Oftenwritingismuchclearerthanapicture.Itissometimesdifficulttofigureoutwhatapicturemeans,butacarefulwritercanalmostalwaysexplainit.
段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法,必须有具体事例加以验证。
上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释,整个段落内容空洞,简而不明。
如杲用一两个具体的例子的话,就可以把主题解释清楚了。
比如下段:
Itisnotalwaystruethatapictureisworthathousandwords.Sometimes,picturesareprettyuselessthings.Ifyoucan'tswimandfallintheriverandstartgulpingwater,willyoubebetterofftoholdupapictureofyourselfdrowning,orstartscreaming"Help”?
3.连贯性(coherence)
连贯性包扌舌意连和形连两个方面,前者指的是内在的逻辑性,后者指的是使用转换词语。
当然这两者常常是不可分割的。
只有形连而没有意连,句子Z间就没有内在的有机的联系;反之,只有意连而没有形连,有时行文就不够流畅。
1)意连
段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就写什么。
如果在下笔之前没有构思,边写边想,写写停停,那就写不出一气呵成的好文章來。
下面介绍儿种常见的排列方式。
A.按时间先后排列(chronologicalarrangement)
例如:
Wehadanumberofclosecallsthatday.Whenwerose,itwasobviouslylateandwehadtohurrysoasnottomissbreakfast;weknewthediningroomstaffwasstrictaboutclosingatnineo'clock.Then,whenwehadbeendrivinginthedesertfornearlytwohoursitmusthavebeenclosetonoontheheat
nearlyhidusin;theradiatorboiledoverandwehadtousemostofourdrinkingwatertocoolitdown.Bythetimewereachedthemountain,itwasfouro'clockandwewereexhausted.Here,judgementranoutofusandwestartedthetoughclimbtothesummit,notrealizingthatdarknesscamesuddenlyinthedesert.Sureenough,bysixwewerestrugglingandAndrewverynearlywentdownasteepcliff,draggingMohammedandmealongwithhim.Bynine,whenthewindhowledacrosstheflatledgeofthesummit,weknewasweshiveredtogetherforwarmththatithadnotbeenourluckyday.
本段从”rose"(起床)写起,然后是吃早餐("nottomissbreakfast",uclosingatnineo*clock”),然后是”closetonoon",一直写到这一天结束(”Bynine—”)。
B.按位置远近排列(spatialarrangement)□
例如:
Fromadistance,itlookedlikeaskinnytube,butaswegotcloser,wecouldseeitfleshoutbeforeoureyes.Itwastubular,allright,butfatterthanwecouldseefromfaraway.Furthermore,wewerealsoastonishedtonoticethatthebuildingwasreallyintwoparts:
apagodasittingontopofatubularone-storystructure.Standingtenfeetaway,wecouldmarvelathowmuchofthepagodawasmadeupofglasswindows.AlmosteverythingunderthewonderfulChineseroofwasmadeofglass,unlikethetubethatitwassittingon,whichonlyhadfour.Inside,thetubewasgloomy,becauseofthelackoflight.Thenasteep,narrowstaircasetookusupinsidethepagodaandthelightchangeddramatically.Allthosewindowsletinafloodofsunshineandwecouldseeoutformilesacrosstheflatland.
本段的写法是由远及近,从远处(”fromadistance”)写起,然后"getcloser",再到("tenfeetawayn),最后是ninsidethepagoda"……当然,按位置远近来写不等于都是由远及近。
根据需要,也可以由近及远,由表及里等等。
C.按逻辑关系排列(logicalarrangement)
a.按重要性顺序排歹ij(airangementinorderofimportanee)
Ifyouworkasasodajerker,youwill,ofcourse,notneedmuchskillinexpressingyourselftobeeffective・Ifyouworkonamachine,yourabilitytoexpressyourselfwillbeoflittleimportance.Butassoonasyoumoveonestepupfromthebottom,youreffectivenessdependsonyourabilitytoreachothersthroughthespokenorthewrittenword.Andthefurtherawayyourjobisfrommanualwork,thelargertheorganizationofwhichyouareanemployee,themoreimportantitwillbethatyouknowhowtoconveyyourthoughtsinwritingorspeaking.Intheverylargebusinessorganization,whetheritisthegovernment,thelargecorporation,ortheArmy,thisabilitytoexpressoneselfisperhapsthemostimportantofalltheskillsamancanpossess.
这一段谈的是表达能力,它的重要性与职业,身份有关,从nnotneedmuchskill"或*'oflittleimportance倒"moreimportant11,最后是"mostimportant"。
b•由-般到特殊排列(general・to-specificarrangement)
Ifareaderislost,itisgenerallybecausethewriterhasnotbeencarefulenoughtokeephimonthepath.Thiscarelessnesscantakeanynumberofforms.Perhapsasenteneeissoexcessivelyclutteredthatthereader,hackinghiswaythroughtheverbiage,simplydoesn'tknowwhatitmeans・Perhapsasentencehasbeensoshoddilyconstructedthatthereadercouldreaditinanyofseveralways.Perhapsthewriterhasswitchedtenses,orhasswitchedpronounsinmid-sentence,sothereaderlosestrackofwhentheactiontookplaceorwhoistalking.PerhapssentenceBisnotlogicalsequeltosentenceAthewriter,in
whoseheadtheconnect!
onisclear,hasnotbotheredtoprovidethemissinglink.Perhapsthewriterhasusedanimportantwordincorrectlybynottakingthetroubletolookitup.Hemaythinkthat,fsanguineMandf,sanguinary”meanthesamething,butthediffereneeisabloodybigone.Thereadercanonlyinferwhatthewriteristryingtoimply.
这一段谈的是awriterscarelessness,先给出一个generalstatement作为主题句,然后通过5个"perhaps”加以例证。
c.由特殊至U——般扌非歹U(specific-to-generalarrangement)
IdonotunderstandwhypeopleconfusemySiamesecat,Prissy,withtheoneIhadseveralyearsago,Henry.Thetwocatsareonlyalikeinbreed.Prissy,aquiet,femininefeline,lovesmedearlybutnotpossessively.Shelikestokeepherdistaneefrompeople,exertherindependenceandisneversorudeastobeg,lick,orsniffunceremoniously.Herusualpostureissittingupright,eyesclosed,perfectlystill.Prissyisaverypropercat.Henry,ontheotherhand,lovedmedearlybutpossessively.Hewasmyshadowfrommorningtillnight・Heexpectedmetoconstantlyentertainhim.Henrynevercaredwhosawhimdoanything,whetheritwasdecorousornot,andheusuallyoffendedmyfriendsinsomeway.Thecatmadehimselfquitecomfortable,onthetopofthetelevision,acrossstrangersfeetorlaps,inbeds,drawers,sacks,closets,ornooks.Thediffereneebetweenthemisimperceptibletostrangers.
本段的主题句是段首句,它仅提出一个问题:
为什么两只猫会被搞混。
然后对两者进行比较,末句才下结论。
2)形连
行文的逻辑性常常要靠适当的转换词语及其他手段来实现。
请读下而这一段文字并找出文屮用以承上启下的词语:
Waltersgoalinlifewastobecomeasuccessfulsurgeon.First,though,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies—inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworkedconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.Asaresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjectsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.
本文屮起承上启下的词语有两种,一种是转换词语(transitionalwordsorphrases),另•种是起转换作用的其他连接手段(linkingdevices)o前者依次有:
first,though,so,inparticular,and,because,however,besides,asaresult,both...and,consequently,and,finally.后者依次是:
he,he,his,his5he,these,them,he,those,his5he,these,his.本段屮共有词汇105个,所使用的转换词语及其他连接用语共26个词,约占该段总词汇量的四分Z—。
由此可见,掌握好transitions不仅对行文的流畅(smoothness)有益,而且对于学生在半个小时内写足四级短文所要求的120个词也是不无好处的。
一个段落里如果没有transitions也就很难有coherence了.
我们看下面一个例子:
Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds.Writinguseswrittensymbols.Speechdevelopedabout500000yearsago.Writtenlanguageisarecentdevelopment.Itwasinventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal.Thewordchoiceofwritingisoftenrelativelyformal.Pronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakeri
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